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Climate
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
Presented by:
JOHN JULIUS BERMEJO
RT3 at Pateros Rescue Unit, LGU Pateros NCR
2. What is climate change?
“Change in climate which is attributed
directly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods.”
- (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
[UNFCCC])
3. Scientists now agree
that most of the global warming
today have been caused by
Human
Activities
4. Human activities that lead to the increase
in concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
include:
Worldwide deforestation
Increasing industrial activity
Motor vehicle emission
Waste management practices
Intensive agriculture
5.
6. Waste as a source of GHG emissions
Decaying solid waste in landfills emits methane
7. Waste as a source of GHG emissions
Decomposing waste in water also emit methane
KLIMA
13. What is global warming?
Global warming refers to the
increase in the
earth’s mean temperature
due to the so-called
enhanced greenhouse
effect.
14. How do GHG influence climate change?
The higher the
concentration of
greenhouse gases
in the
atmosphere,
the stronger the
greenhouse
effect.
15. Global Average Surface Temperature Has Risen
(0.74°C) Over the Past 100 Years
Strong temperature increase since 1975 (unprecedented)
Source: IPCC TAR 2001
16. Philippine GHG Inventory
SECTOR CO2 Emissions
(Gg)
Energy 50,038
Industry 10,711
Agriculture 33,137
Waste 9,198
TOTAL 103,085
Energy
Waste 49%
9%
Agriculture
Industry
32% 10%
18. GLOBAL STATUS
Scientists’ report : By 2050, the
world would reach the tipping point of
irreversible climate change
• weather patters will be disrupted, causing
stronger typhoons
Ice caps will melt, raising sea
levels by 6 to 7 meters
19. Evidence indicated that people living in low-
income countries are 4 times more likely to
die from extreme natural disasters than
those in high-income countries
Women and men suffer different negative
health consequences following a disaster
20.
21. Manifestations of Climate Change …
Melting of Glaciers
Arctic sea ice area decreased by 2.7% per decade
22.
23. Greenland's glaciers are melting into the sea twice as fast as
the previously believed rate of four miles per year.
24.
25. The Thames Barrier, a major flood defense system
in London designed to be used once every two to
three years is now being used six times a year
due to increased rainfall.
27. Impact of sea-level rise in the Philippines
Effect on coastal populations,
habitats and infrastructures
Intrusion of sea water to upstream
of rivers resulting in:
loss of ground water supply
loss of eco-systems
loss of livelihoods
Above are significant :
7,107 islands
36,289 km of coastline
many river systems
28. Impact of sea-level rise
Human society and national
economy
Disruption of settlements
Basic needs of humans
Increased migration
Pressures on urban infrastructures
Reduced GDP
29. Impacts: Water resources
DROUGH
Decreased/increased water
availability (soil erosion)
Increased drought risk (including
land degradation)
Poor quality of water (algal
blooms, etc.)
30. Impacts: Water resources
Increased water demand
Domestic water supply problems
Impact on power generation
31. THREATEN FOOD
SECURITY
Primarily Agricultural and Fishing Economy
35. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
HEALTH SECTOR IN TIMES OF
CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED
DISASTER
36. Disasters - threats to life & health
GLOBALLY:
2 billion people affected with 600,000
fatalities
More than 2/3 of deaths occurred in Asia
127 major disasters,
23% of all disasters worldwide,
Occurred in Western Pacific Region
in the past 10 years
37. Health Impact (Global)
• 1.8 M people die from diarrheal diseases
• 1.5 M deaths in the 0 – 5 y.o. age group
every year of 5,000 child deaths/day
• 88% attributed to unsafe water, inadequate
sanitation and hygiene
• 1.1 billion lack of access to an improved
drinking water supply
38. Major killers are climate sensitive
diseases
- Each year:
- Undernutrition kills 3.7 million
- Diarrhea kills 1.8 million
- Malaria kills 1.1 million
Each of these is highly sensitive to temperature and
precipitation
39. Health workforce are central to
identifying potential health risks from
natural hazards and promoting
personal and community risk
reduction measures
It is essential to strengthen disaster
preparedness in health sector
40. Health facilities whose services remain
accessible and functioning, at maximum
capacity and within the same infrastructure,
during and immediately following disasters,
emergencies or crises is greatly impaired
45. Climate-related health risks
Direct impacts
EXTREME COLDNESS
heat stress
Indirect impacts
Communicable diseases
Non-communicable
diseases (particularly
coronary and respiratory )
46. Climate-related health risks
Temperature related illness and death
Extreme weather related health effects
Air pollution related diseases
Water and food borne disease
Vectorborne and rodent borne disease
Food and water shortages
Population displacements
50. WHO ARE VULNERABLE
1. ELDERLY
- -more susceptible
- More likely to have underlying disease
- Decline immune system
- Poor nutrition
2. THE YOUNG
- not yet developed fully their functions
-thermoregulatory systems (heatstroke, diarrhea)
-increase susceptibility to infectious diseases
3. THE POOR
- Lack of resources
- poor nutrition
- compromised immune system
-substandard housing
-exposure to air pollution
51. WHO ARE VULNERABLE
4. Pregnant Women
- prone to infection
- limited movement
- considerations doubled
5. Persons with Disability (PWD)
- absence of a sense or senses
- presence of deformity
- limited ability
52. Health sector actions on adaptation to climate change
Infectious disease
Integrated vector management
surveillance
Safe drinking
Diseases Healthy
water
Development
affected
by climate
Health action
in emergencies
Environmental
Health capacity buillding
Source: Time Magazine, 1997
53. CC and Health: Adaptive Strategies
Public education and awareness
Early-alert systems:
impending weather extremes,
infectious disease outbreaks
Community-based neighborhood support
Climate-proofed housing design
Disaster preparedness
health-system capacity
54. Protecting health facilities
Ensuring risk reduction
in the design and
construction of health
facilities
Improving the non-
structural and functional
vulnerability of existing
health facilities
Adopting legislative and
financial measures to
select and retrofit the
most critical facilities to
55. CC and Health: Adaptive
Strategies
•Enhanced infectious disease control
programs
vaccines,vector control,
case detection and treatment
Improved surveillance:
•Risk indicators
e.g.
mosquito numbers,
aeroallergen concentration
•Health outcomes
infectious disease
outbreaks,
56. CC and Health: Main Types of Adaptive
Strategies
Coordinate efforts on the implementation
of commitments and obligations to
the UNFCCC.
Coordinate with relevant organizations
Conduct and coordinate capacity building
activities such as training workshops
and orientation seminars.
57. Promote Public Awareness
Educate yourself, you family, your friends,
your co-workers and everyone you meet.
The more people are aware of the issues the
more likely they are to make decisions that
will be constructive!
Be ac tive - Speak up in a positive way in
your local community and organization and
help others to commit to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
64. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Recyclable products are usually
made out of things that already
have been used. It usually takes
less energy to make recycled
products than to make new ones.
The less energy we use, the
better.
• By recycling half of your
household waste, you can save
2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide
annually.
70. • Change a Light Bulb
Replace regular light bulbs
with compact fluorescent light
(CFL) bulbs.
Replacing just one 60-watt
incandescent light bulb with a
CFL will save you Php30.00
over the life of the bulb.
CFLs also last 10 times longer
than incandescent bulbs, and
use two-thirds less energy.
In the past, climate fluctuated naturally in an elegant cycle of warm and cold periods defining the agriculture, civilization and possibly tools that man used. For quite sometime now, the climate has been changing at an unnerving pace. Globally, the mean temperature has gone up by three-fourths of a degree- centigrade but some of the Earth’s remote spots have warmed much more, so that ---
Global Average Temperature Over the past 100 years there has been an increase in global average temperature of more than one degree Fahrenheit (0.6°C). While the record shows a great deal of variability, the upward trend is unambiguous. Most of the warming occurred during two periods, 1910 to 1945 and 1976 to the present. The rate and duration of the 20 th century warming has been much greater than in any of the previous nine centuries (i.e., over the last 1,000 years). Globally, the 1990s has been the warmest decade, and 1998 and 2001 the two warmest years in the last millenium. Night-time minimum air temperatures over land have increased at the greatest rate; this has lengthened the frost-free season in many mid-and high-latitude regions.
Considering the consequence of a higher GHG level at 450ppm…….
The short-term trends of relative sea level change from tide-gauge data indicate spatial and temporal variation. The general trends for the period 1948 to 1993 is a relative rise of sea level in the Manila, Legaspi and Davao stations and a relative fall in Cebu and Jolo stations. In Manila Bay, In Jolo and Cebu, the tide-gauge data indicate uplift of landmasses. The tide-gauges here are set on rocky foundations. In contrast, in Manila Bay, Legaspi and Davao, the tide-gauges are situated on Holocene coastal deposits. A noticeable change in the rate of sea level change, apparently occurring synchronously across the stations, took place in the late 1960’s. Except for Cebu, acceleration of sea level rise is indicated. In Davao and Manila the previous rate of rise of 2.1 mm/y increased to 3.2 and 20.0 mm/yr, respectively. In Manila, extraction of groundwater has been identified as the major contributor to the elevated rates of relative sea level rise (Siringan and Ringor 1998). In Legaspi, the flat trend shifted to 5.9 mm/yr. In Jolo, the relative fall of 3.8 mm/yr became a relative rise of 0.4 mm/yr. In Cebu, the only station with a different signal, shows an increase in relative fall from 2.9 mm/yr to 3.5 mm/yr. Local tectonic and/or anthropogenic influence is indicated by the non-uniform magnitude of change across the stations.
And these are not minor issues. Diseases that are sensitive to climate include some of our biggest killers. These include d iseases such as malaria and diarrhea. They also include risk conditions such undernutrition, the single largest contributor to the global burden of disease. Together, these kill many millions each year, especially children in developing countries.
Climate change will affect, in profoundly adverse ways, some of the most fundamental determinants of health: food, air, water. This figure shows that climate change impacts on health both directly - for example through heatwaves, floods and storms, but also indirectly, through effects on infectious disease, on water availability, and on agricultural production.
![What is climate change?
“Change in climate which is attributed
directly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods.”
- (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
[UNFCCC])](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)