STEEL MEMBER...TYPE S AND USES FOR THE BUILDING

1. STEEL MEMBERS
T Y P E S & U S E S
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SUBMITTED BY : MOHD. SUHAIL KHAN
R. NO: 171630200004
B.ARCH- VIII SEM

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STRUCTURAL STEEL
 Structural steel shapes are made out of this kind of steel, which is
formatted from a precise cross section. Yet, at the same time it
follows definite standards for mechanical properties and chemical
composition.
 Structural steel is versatile, strong and durable, so it's hardly
surprising that it can be morphed into almost any shape based on
the construction project at hand; it can be constructed almost
immediately the moment it is received on the building site.
Structural steel is fire-resistant in itself but fire protection methods
should be put in place in case there is a possibility of it getting
heated up to a point where it starts to lose its durability and
strength.
 Corrosion has to be prevented when it comes to structural steel,
but tall buildings are known to have withstood various kinds of
adversities when built using structural steel.
HOWRAH BRIDGE
WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL

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BENEFITS OF STEEL
Strength and Durability:
Structural steel components are stronger and lighter than the components made of weight-bearing concrete or wood.
Weight-bearing steel fabrication is 30%-50% lighter than its wooden equivalent. This makes construction of steel structure
stronger and more durable than traditional wooden structure.
 Light in Weight:
when steel is used in framing, the design of beam will cause it to be lighter than a structurally sound wooden/concrete
beam design.
 Easy Installation and Speed in Construction:
Steel parts in a steel structures are pre-manufactured to a specific design inside the manufacturing plant/fabrication shop
and are shipped out in ready-to-be erected condition. Hence it speeds up construction time significantly. So, it is possible to
complete large-scale projects in a shorter period than usual.
Versatile:
Steel is incredibly versatile as it can be molded into almost any shape, which makes it an attractive option for both
residential and commercial buildings. Architects may let their artistic imaginations run wild, while still having the ability to
design and construct a building that is both strong and safe.
Flexibility:
Flexibility is one of the great advantages of steel structure, which means that it can be designed as per the required needs.

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BENEFITS OF STEEL
Fire Resistance:
Steel structures are highly fire resistant as compared to wood, and it reduces the fire accident risk to a building. The spread
of fire gets reduced if there is more steel structure in a building. Special flame-retardant coatings are used to increase this
property of structural steel.
Moisture and Weather Resistance:
Steel structures are wonderfully moisture resistant although this privilege may get slightly compromised depending on the
carbon content of the steel being used for the structure.
 Adaptability:
Steel products can be changed or adjusted according to the owner’s requirement. For instance, wall made of steel can be
altered or repositioned easily in order to widen the space or create a new interior building layout. This ability to adapt to
changes permits for easier expansions, at the same time it helps in extending the lifespan of the structure.
Energy Efficiency:
However, a house, built with steel can actually be less energy
efficient than a wooden building. Metal transfers cold and hot
temperatures 400 times faster than wood. But additional insulation
has to be used to stop this ultra-fast transfer of heat, specifically
wrapping steel framing with rigid insulation in addition the use
of conventional insulation between studs.

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TYPES OF FORMATION STEEL
 Parallel Flange Channels:
These channeled beams are U-shaped with right-angled corners – a bit like a stick of
staples. They come in many different sizes; however, the two sides are always the
same length and are parallel to each other. They also offer a significantly high strength-
to-weight ratio and have similar uses to angled sections.
 Tapered Flange Beams:
Taper flange beams are I-shaped sections and are also available in a wide variety of
sizes. In construction, these are often used for cross-sections of girders. Though they
have reasonably high resistance ratios, they are not usually recommended when
pressure is present along their length, as they aren’t torsion (twisting) resistant.
 Universal Beam:
Universal beams, also known ad I-beams or H-beams, are shaped like their namesake:
an ‘I’ when standing upright, and an ‘H’ on their side. Universal beams are usually
made of structural steel and are used in construction and civil engineering, among
other industries.

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TYPES OF FORMATION STEEL
 Universal Column:
Universal beams are also widely used for structural purposes. They are similar to beams and are often called I-beams or
H-beams; however, all three sections are equal in length. As their name suggests, they are mainly used for columns and
have fantastic load-bearing capabilities.
 Angled Sections: Angled structural steel sections can either be equal or unequal. Both are right angled; however, unequal
sections have different sized axis’, making them L shaped. This kind of section is much stronger (up to 20%) with a much
higher strength to weight ratios. Angled sections are used in residential construction, infrastructure, mining and
transport. They are also available in a wide range of lengths and sizes.
 Circular Hollow Sections:
Circular Hollow Sections have hollow tubular cross sections and have a much higher resistance to torsion that tapered
flange beams. The thickness of the walls is uniform around the entire circle which makes this beam great for use with
multi-axis loading applications.

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TYPES OF FORMATION STEEL
 Rectangular Hollow Sections:
These are similar to circular hollow sections; however, they
have rectangular cross-sections. They are very popular in
many mechanical and construction steel applications. Their
flat surfaces make them prime for use in joining and metal
fabrication.
 Square Hollow Sections:
Like their hollow section brothers but with square cross-
sections, these are used in smaller applications such as
columns or posts. However, they are unsuitable for beams as
their shapes are inherently difficult to bolt into other shapes.
They are also known as ‘box sections’.
 Flat Sections:
Flat sections are the most versatile steel section, as they
require to be attached to another section. In some cases, they
can be attached to another section as a strengthening tool.
They are also often referred to as ‘plates’ (for example,
checker plate

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USES OF STRUCTUTRAL STEEL IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 To Build High Rise Buildings:
Structural steel is resistant to external forces such as
wind and earthquakes. It is a flexible metal, so in the
case of a storm or an earthquake, the steel component
in the building will not break but bend.
 To Build Industrial Sheds:
Another benefit of structural steel is that it is cost effective.
With the availability of ready-made steel sections, structural
frameworks can be erected in no time. Moreover, a lot of
work can be pre- done in the industrial site, thereby saving
time and money.
To Build Residential Buildings:
The plasticity and flexibility of structural steel make it suitable
for the construction of residential buildings. A technique called
light gauge steel construction is used to build residential
buildings..
To Build Bridges:
Steel has a high strength to weight ratio, which means, steel is a
tensile metal. It is durable and can withstand the weight of a
fleet of cars and people.

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USES OF STEEL MEMBERS IN CONSTRUCTION
 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION:
Steel Grillage foundation consists of steel joints or beams which are
provided in single or double tiers. Its name defines its function and
structure as it is made up of steel beams, structurally known as rolled
steel joist. A minimum cover of 10 cm is kept on the outer sides of
the external beams as well as above the upper flanges of the top tier.
The depth of concrete should be at least 15 cm. After we level the
base and pour the concrete, we should check that if the compaction
is done properly and formed an impervious layer of a thickness not
less than 15 cm. It shields steel joist from groundwater, which can
lead to corrosion. Then we lay the first layer of beams over the
concrete bed at a distance of 100mm to 300mm, with the help of
pipe separators. Next, we pour concrete between and around the
beams of the first tier. After that, we place the second tier of the
beam at the right angle to the first tiers with the help of the
separator. Then again, we pour concrete between and around the
steel beams. By doing so, we connect the steel stanchions to the
upper tier with the help of a base plate, side angles, and a gusset
plate. These connecting elements are also embedded in the concrete
to make the joint rigid.

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USES OF STEEL MEMBERS IN CONSTRUCTION
 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION: As it may be observed from figure, the
components of such system consist of steel beam with shear
studs fixed on its top flange that create a composite action
between the beam and composite slab. The slab consists of steel
profile on which in situ concrete are poured. Various steel deck
profiles are available and their span ranges are from 3m to 4m.
Moreover, both primary and secondary beams are designed as
composite member whereas edge beams could be designed as
non-composite element. The thickness of the beams ranges from
0.9 m to 1.2m; slab thickness is 130mm and steel deck depth is
about 60mm. The span of primary beams varies between 6m and
9m and secondary beam span ranges from 6m to 7.5m
TRUSSES:
Trusses are Triangular Frame Works, consisting of Axially Loaded Members.
They are More Efficient inn Resisting External Loads as the Cross Section of all
the members are Nearly Uniformly Stressed. They are Extensively used for
Larger Spans. Trusses are used in Roofs of Single Storey Industrial Buildings
Long Span Floors and Roofs Of Multistory Buildings, to resist gravity loads
Trusses are also used in Walls and Horizontal Planes of Industrial Buildings to
resist Lateral Loads and to provide Lateral StabilitY.

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INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT STEEL
Steel roofs last more than 50 years while traditional roofs last about
17 years.
75 percent of all major appliances are comprised of steel.
Steel was first used for skyscrapers in 1884 with the Home
Insurance Building in Chicago. Modern steel buildings, like The
Empire State Building (1930) in New York and U.S. Steel
Tower (1971) in Pittsburgh, are designed to easily assemble and
disassemble.
Because steel and iron expand when heated, the Eiffel Tower
(1887), is about 6 inches taller in the summer than the winter.
The first steel-made automobile was produced in 1918. Since then,
steel seatbelts are required due to their consistent ability to withstand
high-impact crashes.
Steel bridges are four to eight times lighter than those built from
concrete. The Golden Gate Bridge (1937) required 83,000 tons of steel
whereas half of that amount would be required today.
Recycling a single steel can saves enough energy to power a 60-watt
light bulb for almost 4 years.