Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) emission standards will significantly reduce emissions from vehicles in India starting in 2020. This will be achieved through technologies like catalytic converters, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction systems fitted to vehicles. Catalytic converters convert harmful exhaust gases like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides into less harmful gases through chemical reactions. There are two main types: three-way catalytic converters that treat all three pollutants, and two-way catalytic converters that treat carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Catalytic converters have been very effective at reducing vehicle emissions globally.

1. BHARAT STAGE – VI NORMS AND CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Patna - 800005
Presented by
Sanoj Kumar
Roll no. 2236010
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2. Contents
 What is Bharat Stage – vi
 Bs emission norms – 4 wheelers
 Technology in petrol engine
 Technology in diesel engine
 Improvements in fuels an adopted technology
 Advantages of bs vi over bs iv
 Catalytic converter
 Types of catalytic converter
 Types of catalytic converter
A. 3 way catalytic converter
B. 2 way catalytic converter
 Limitation of catalytic converter
 Achievement of catalytic converter
 Conclusion
 References
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3. WHAT IS BHARAT STAGE – VI
 Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by Government to regulate the
output of air pollutants from engines. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by
the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
 Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) is an emission standard that will bring much-needed changes in the Indian
automobile industry in terms of pollutant emissions.
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4. BS EMISSION NORMS – 4 WHEELERS
Table 1. Petrol Engine Emissions
Emission norm CO HC NOx PM
g/Km Particles/Km
BS-III 2.3 0.2 0.15 NA
BS-IV 1 0.1 0.08 NA
BS- VI 1 0.1 0.06 6*1011
Table 2. Diesel Engine Emissions
Emission norm CO NOx HC+ NOx PM
g/Km Particles/Km
BS-III 0.64 0.5 0.56 0.05
BS-IV 0.5 0.25 0.3 0.025
BS- VI 0.5 0.06 0.17 6*1011
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5. TECHNOLOGY IN PETROL ENGINE
 Re-design of ports and exhaust system improvements.
 Higher compression ratios along with improved carburetion by electronic carburetion/
electronically managed fuel injection / port injection or direct injection.
 Lean & charge stratification with controlled auto ignition and variable ignition timing.
 Combustion chamber re-design & sparkplug re-location
 Piston re-design.
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6. TECHNOLOGY IN DIESEL ENGINE
In the case of diesel Engines three devices are used-
1. Catalytic converter,
2. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and
3. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).
• Although catalytic convertor is there in BS IV vehicles two extra devices DPF and SCR are to be
fitted extra to make vehicle BS VI compliance vehicle.
• All are fitted in series.
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7. IMPROVEMENTS IN FUELS AN ADOPTED TECHNOLOGY
150
50
10
0
40
35 35
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
BS III BS IV BS VI
The accepted Sulphur and Aromatic in
petrol across BS level
Sulphur (ppm max) Aromatics (% Volume max)
350
50
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BS III BS IV BS VI
The accepted Sulphur level in diesel across
BS level
Sulphur (ppm max)
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8. ADVANTAGES OF BS VI OVER BS IV
 NOx emission will come down by approximately 25% for the petrol engine and 68% for the diesel
engines.
 The PM emission will see a substantial decrease of 80% in diesel engines.
 On Board Diagnostics (OBD)will become mandatory for every vehicle and it will help monitor the
pollution caused by the vehicle in real time.
 RDE (Real Driving Emission) will be introduced for the first time that will measure the emission in
real-world conditions and not just under test conditions.
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9. CATALYTIC CONVERTER
• A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal
combustion engine.
• A catalytic converter (CC) is placed inside the tailpipe through which deadly exhaust gases
containing unburnt fuel, CO, NOx are emitted.
• The function of the catalytic convertor is to convert these gases into CO2, H2O, N2 and O2 .
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11. TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER
1) 3 way catalytic converter
2) 2 way catalytic converter
3 way catalytic converter
• A three-way catalytic converter has three tasks:
• Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen:
2NOx → xO2 + N2
• Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
• Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water:
2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O
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12.  2 way catalytic converter
A two-way catalytic converter has two tasks:
• Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
• Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially- burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water:
2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O
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13. Limitation of Catalytic Converter
• with temperatures up to 1000 C the metal in the catalyst is prone to deactivation by sintering.
• Emissions control targets is simply to increase the amount of PGM(platinum group metal’s) in the
auto catalyst.
• Can not function well beyond 80,000 km.
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14. Achievement of Catalytic Converter
• Catalytic converters have also been developed for construction equipment lawn and garden
equipment marine engines and other non-road engines.
• Catalytic converters are also used to reduce emissions from alternative fuel vehicles powered by
natural gas, methanol, ethanol and propane.
• To date more than 500 million vehicles equipped with catalytic converters have been sold
worldwide.
• Worldwide over 90 percent of new cars sold had a catalyst.
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15. Conclusion
• Environmental, ecological and health concern result in increasingly stringent emissions regulations
of pollutant emissions from vehicle engines.
• Among all the types of technologies developed so far, use of catalytic converters is the best way to
control auto exhaust emission.
• The economical reasons, limited resources of platinum group (noble) metal and some operating
limitations of platinum group metal based catalytic converters have motivated the investigation of
alternative catalyst materials.
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16. References
• Julie M Pardiwala, Femina Patel, Sanjay Patel, "Review paper on Catalytic Converter for Automotive
Exhaust Emission", INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD – 382 481, 08-
10 DECEMBER, 2011
• www.cpcb.nic.in
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.scribd.com
• R.K.Rajput (IC Engine)
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