3. CULTURE Group and units Survival Attitudes Values Belief Norms Behaviours Shared by a group Communicated accross generations Dynamic System of rules

4. CULTURE Culture is a dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors shared by a group but harbored differently by each specific unit within the group, communicated across generations, relatively stable but with the potential to change across time. Matsumoto (2000, p.24)

5. LANGUAGE CULTURE

13. Attitudes, like all aspects of the development of recognition and affect in human beings, develop early in childhood and are the result of parents´and peers´attitudes, of contact with people who are “different” in any number of ways, and of interacting affective factors in the human experience. These attitudes form a part of one´s perception of self, of others, and of the culture in which one is living.

15. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 CULTURAL SHOCK STAGES

16. Refers to the cognitive and affective proximity of two cultures that come into contact within an individual. Parameters Dominance Integration Cohesiveness Congruence Permanence The greater the social distance between two cultures,t he greater the difficulty the learner will have in learning the second language, and conversely, the smaller the social distance (the greater the social solidarity between culture), the better will be the language learning situation. SOCIAL DISTANCE

17. Word Englishes ESL and EFL Linguistic Imperialism and Language Rights Language Policy and the “ English Only” Debate