application in food

1. SCRIPT
LOTUS SEED (MAKHANA) IN FOOD
NAME:-PANKAJ R PATIL
FTL:-52/11
GUIDED BY- PROF. KAPILE P P
SEMINAR DATE:25/02/2014
MIT COLLEGE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

2. INDEX
* INTRODUCTION
* NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION
* HEALTH BENEFITS AND
THERAPUETIC USES
* MAKHANA PREPARATION
* APPLICATION
* CONCLUSION
* REFERENCES

3. Lotus seed (MAKHANA) in food
 Introduction:-
The lotus is very much a part of Indian cultural
traditions. Its importance has long been recognized
and it has been grown for use as food, medicine and
also for cultural and religious activities.
Significantly, the longevity of the lotus seed is
phenomenal, with viable seeds dated as being 1300
years old. Protein-energy deficiency has been
recognized as the most common form of
malnutrition in regions where people mainly rely on
starch-based diets and cereal porridges (FAO, 1994;
Michaelsen and Henrik, 1998). Scarcity of
protein rich food and food supplements has been
responsible for the recurring problems associated
with malnutrition in children and lactating women
in developing countries.
Antibiotics are one of our most important
weapons fighting bacterial and fungal infections
and have
greatly benefited the health-related quality of
human life since their introduction. However, over
he past few decades, these health benefits are
under threat as many commonly used antibiotics
have become less and less effective against certain
illnesses, not only because many of them produce
toxic reactions, but also due to emergence of drug
resistant bacteria.
It is essential to find newer drugs

4. with lesser resistance. Drugs derived from natural
sources play a significant role in the prevention and
treatment of human diseases. Plants are rich in a
wide variety of secondary metabolites such as,
terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, etc., which have
been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties.
Herbal medicines have been known to man for
centuries. Therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous
plants for several disorders has been described by
practitioners of traditional medicine lotus L. is a tree
native to Middle East and southAsia especially from
China and Japan . The literature on lotus is far from
abundant. In traditional medicine, lotus fruit was
used as a sedative, antitussive, antiseptic, antidiabetic,
antitumor, astringent, laxative, nutritive and as a
febrifuge , in addition, lotus fruits are used to treat
diarrhea, dry coughs and hypertension . lotus fruit
extract has antioxidant activity that protects against
haemolytic damage in both glucose-6
phosphatedehydrogenase- deficient human and rat
erythrocytes . Previous phytochemical studies of
N.nulotus revealed the presence of some fatty acids
and non volatile acids , terpenes and
naphthoquinones in the fruits. Gallic acid,
methyl gallate, ellagic acid, kaempferol, quercetin,
myricetin, myricetin 3-O-β-glucuronide, and
myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside were isolated from
N.nucifera lotus fruit extract. . N.nucifera fruits extract and
compounds demonstrated the highest inhibitory
activity against COR-L23 tumor cells . Ellagic

5. acid demonstrated high anti-proliferative activit against
both C32 and A375 tumor cells, and gallic acid exerted the
most potent cytotoxicity against CaCo-2 tumor cells . The
antioxidant, antihemolyticand nephroprotective activities of
N.nucifera lotus seed extract have been demonstrated in vitro
as well as in vivo . Since gastric phytobezoars are difficult to
treat although rare, N.nucifera lotus consumption is
discouraged for patients with a history of gastrointestinal
surgery or poor dental and oral health . Genetic variation
among .
Lotus genotypes in Turkey has been reported by Yildirim
et al. In view of the fact that no information concerning . lotus
stem is available, we undertook the present study to isolate
phytochemicals from . N.nucifera lotus stem. As a part of our
screening program to investigate antifungal,lectin and trypsin
inhibitory activities from plants,another objective of the
present investigation was to assay antifungal lectin and trypsin
inhibitory activities from non-polar extracts of N.nucifera
lotus stem
WORLD LOTUS PRODUCTION AREAS
Lotus is cultivated in many countries in the world,
especially in India, China, Japan,
Korea, South East Asia, Russia and some countries in
Africa. Lotus grown in Europe and
America are mainly used for ornamental purposes but rarely
for food.
Seeds
Seed production at this stage may not be advantageous
as production costs and unknown returns of an untried
product, which has ready competition available from
cheaply-produced imports, may be too high. Also, seed
as a vehicle of propagation will not necessarily breed

6. true-to-type. Unless growers can capture an identified
market for seed, it is not recommended at this stage.
However, as an indication of production potential, the
680 flower average produced at UWSH generated
approximately 3.6 kg. of seed.
Nutritional composition of Lotus seeds:-
seeds are an unutilized source of vegetable oil and
protein and nothing has been reported on their
physicochemical characteristics which would indicate the
potential uses of these seeds.
The percentage composition of the N.nucifera lotus
seeds is (on a dry-weight basis): ash 1.05%, oil 32.92%,
protein 19.11%, total carbohydrate 40.87% and moisture
6.05%.Calcium, potassium and magnesium constitute the
major minerals of N.nucifera seeds. The seed proteins are rich
in threonine, glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid
(26.73%, 17.28%, 13.11%, 9.47% and 7.76%, respectively).
The main fatty acids of the oil are oleic (61.93%), linoleic
(18.31%) and palmitic (9.14%) acids. Glycerol trioleate was
the most abundant triacylglycerol, representing 26.48% of the
total triacyglycerols. beta-Tocopherolwas themajor tocopherol
(130.47 mg100 g(-1)). This oilwas rich in Delta 7- campestrol
and beta-sitosterol (147.82 and 82.10 mg 100 g(-1) oil.

7. Nutrient value of 100 g seeds
content SEED
IMMATURE,RAW MATURE
Water 67.7 13.0
Energy,kcal 121.0 335.0
Energy,kj 506.0 1402.0
Protein,g 8.1 17.1
Fat,g 0.2 1.9
Sugar,g 21.1 62.0
Dietary fibre,g 1.4 1.9
Calcium,mg 95.0 190.0
Phosphorus,mg 220.0 650.0
Iron,mg 1.8 3.1
Sodium,mg 2.0 250.0
Kalium,mg 420.0 1100.0
Vitamin B1,mg 0.19 0.26
Vitamin B2,mg 0.08 0.10
Niacin,mg 1.16 2.1
Vitamin C,mg 0.0 0.0
MEDICINAL AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES
It is interesting to note that all parts of the Lotus are
used in oriental medicine. Seeds stop vomiting or
soothe irritation of the digestive tract. Ripe Lotus seeds
also provide a spleen tonic and are used for their
astringent action in the treatment of chronic
diarrhoea,seminal emission and leucorrhoea, as well as
having a sedative action, making them useful for
insomnia and heart palpitations. The lotus plumule or
embryo removed from the ripe seed and sun-dried, is

8. primarily used for nervous disorders, insomnia, high
fevers with restlessness and hypertension. Flower pods
or flower receptacles contain proteins,carbohydrates
and a small amount of alkaloid Nelumbine, used to stop
bleeding and eliminate stagnated blood. Stamens assist
consolidation of kidney function and are particularly
useful in the treatment of male sexual disorders and
female leucorrhoea.
Lotus contains a large number of odour substances
in the leaves and flowers. In the leaves, 40% of odour
substances are cis-3-hexenol and in the flowers, 75% of
aroma substances are hydrocarbons, mainly 1,4-
dimethoxybenzene - 1,8—cineole, terpinen-4-ol and
linalool
Table 2. Biological effects and extracts obtained from the
Lotus seed.
Part
Effects Extracts
Seed Anti-ischaemice,
Antioxidative,
Immunomodulatory,anti-
prohferative,hepatoprotective,anti-
inflamatory,anti-fertility,anti-
anhthemic ,anti-fiborosis,antiviral
Flavonoids :
dauricine,lotusine,
Nuciferine,
Saponins and
several
carbohydrates .

9. Immunomodulatory effect:-
A lotus seed ethanol extract inhibited cell-cycle
progression, cytokine gene expression, and cell proliferation
in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)68. (S)
armepavine from sacred lotus immunomodulatory activity
includes: inhibition of concanavalin A–induced splenocyte
proliferation; suppression of cytokine mRNA expression in
splenocytes; improved kidney function with reduction of
immune complex deposition and glomerular hypercellularity;
and reduced autoantibody and T cell-mediated cytokine
production in sera. (S)-armepavine also inhibits interleukin-2
and interferon-gamma transcripts in human PBMCs without
direct cytotoxicity69,70. Hydroalcoholic rhizome and seed
extracts changed total and differential white blood cell counts,
improved phagocytosis, and potentiated immune
inflammatory.
Hepatoprotective effects:-
Ethanol seed extracts exhibited hepatoprotective
effects against production of serum enzymes and cytotoxicity
caused by carbon tetrachloride. The extract also protected
against the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B172.
Armepavine, an active compound in sacred lotus, has
antifibrotic effects in rats by activating the anti–NF-kappaB
pathway.
Armepavine yielded better results compared with
silymarin (ie, milk thistle) in reducing certain metabolic
parameters in hepatic fibrosis73. A dose of 300 and 500
mg/kg of lotus leaf extract in rats was comparable to 100
mg/kg of silymarin against liver-induced injury by carbon
tetrachloride74. Hepatitis B has been treated with a
combination Chinese herbal product containing sacred lotus
leaf75.

10. Anti-infective effects:-
Ethanol seed extracts inhibited herpes simplex virus type
1 (HSV-1) multiplication in HeLa cells without cytotoxicity
by inhibiting gene expression of HSV- 186. Alkaloids and
flavonoids from a 95% ethanol leaf extract had anti-HIV
activity87.
Antifungal activity against Candida albicans and
antimalarial activity was found for various leaf constituents
with no observed cytotoxicity. Antibacterial activity is
documented for rhizome extracts against Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis,
and Pseudomonus aeruginosa.
A rhizome extract had antifungal and anti-yeast activity
comparable with griseofulvin against 5 different strains of
fungi and yeast, including C.albicaus, Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophytum mentagopyhtes89.
Kashiwada et al90 have reported that the liensinine, negferine,
and isoliensinine were isolated from the leaves to embryo
showing potent anti-HIV activities and the flavonoids; the
primary constituents of the petals showed antioxidant
properties and antibacterial bioactivities.
The leaf methanol, aqueous extracts of N.nucifera and
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles have the potential to be
used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the
Anopheles subpictus Grassi.
Psychopharmacologic activity
Antiarrhythmic effects
Neferine antagonized arrhythmias induced byaconitine in rats,
calcium chloride in mice, and coronary occlusion-reperfusion
in dogs.

11. Antifertility activity
A petroleum ether extract of seed has been reported to possess
anti-fertility activity in female albino mice at the dose of 3
mg/kg. it is blocked the oestrus cycle at the metoestrus stage
compared with ethyl oleate (0.1ml/20g).the extract
significantly reduced uterine weight and affected the oestrus
cycle by blocking biogenesis of ovarian steroids at an
intermediate
Anti-inflammatory activity
A methanol rhizome extract at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg
inhibited induced inflammation in rats. The anti-inflammatory
activity was comparable with that of phenylbutazone and
dexamethasone. Kaempferol, isolated from sacred lotus,
reduced the influx of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in
aged rat gingival tissues. Isoliensinine isolated from the seeds
reduced bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The
protective effect was associated with antioxidant activity and
reduced expression of inflammatory mediators. Bo Huang et
al revealed that the In vitro and in vivo evaluation of
inhibition activity of lotus leaves against ultraviolet B-induced
phototoxicity. The photoprotective capacity of lotus leaf
extracts (LLE) may be attributed to their phenolic compounds,
suchas hyperin, isoquercetin, and catechin rhamnoside.
MAKHANA PREPARATION:-
Lotus seed also known as “Makhana” in India
The lotus seed or fruits are quite versatile and can be either
raw or dried and popped like popcorn also called as “Phool
makhana”

12. It is cultivated in several districts in north Bihar , where it is a
main support for livelihood of the poor people .
Cultivation is done during the peak monsoon period and
continued till the end of October.
It prefers tropical and sub-tropical climate .
Temperature range =20ºC-35ºC,humidity =50%-90%,rainfall
between 100cm-250cm.
Cultivation and Harvesting of Makhana
Makhana plants germinate from the left over seeds of the
previous season. When makhana is grown for the first time in a new
pond, the rate of sowing is 80 kg/ha. However when sowing is done
annually, 35 kg3 of seed is required for 1 ha of water spread.
Sprouting takes place by December-January and the early leaves
appear on the pond surface during January- February. During April-
may, the entire water surface gets covered with huge, sprawling and
thorny leaves, which float on the surface of water. Flowering begins
in the month of April when the temperature is around 30 degree
Celsius and maximum flowering occurs in the month of May.
Makhana flowers stay afloat for two days and then submerge
inside water. Fruiting begins by mid of May and each plant bears
around 10-20 4 fruits. Each fruit contains 40-70 seeds and roughly
100 seeds weigh around 80-100 gm. On an average, a plant of
makhana yields around 450-700 gm of seeds.
Makhana fruits burst inside water during May-July and the seeds
float in water for a day or two and then settle at the bottom of the
pond. In local parlance, makhana seeds are called guri. After fruiting,
the gigantic leaves are cut and thrown out or left to decay, which
enriches the soil health through addition of organic nutrient. The
scattered seeds at the bottom of the pond are collected manually
during August - September.
Harvesting of makhana seeds is done by diving deep inside the
water. The process of collection is strenuous involving a thorough
sweeping of the entire bottom floor of the water area.
Sweeping of the floor, making heaps and their retrieval requires
several dives inside the water that makes the job really painstaking.

13. Yield of makhana varies normally from 1200 to 1500 kg per hectare.
However in low depth water bodies yield varies from 1800-2200 kg
per hectare.
Lotus Seed Decorticator :-
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a large glaucous perennial aquatic,
herbaceous plant and cultivated for religious, ornamental and
medicinal purposes besides food. It is a symbol of purity,
enlightenment and almost whole plant is edible. Besides its sanctity
and aesthetic value, lotus is used as a food and medicine. Lotus seeds
are used as rosaries makhanas and in medicines. The seeds are used to
treat diarrhea, piles, skin disorders, etc.
The sweet tasting seeds contain Protein - 17.2%, Starch - 66.6%,
Sucrose - 4.1%, Iron - 2.3%, traces of fat, fiber and calcium. After
decortication, lotus seeds are eaten in raw, roasted, boiled, candied or
in powdered form. Lotus seeds are currently manually processed.
High labour requirement and low efficiency has restricted the
expansion of lotus seed industry. Due to non availability of this
technology, the production catchment processing is not possible
which deprives the farmer’s benefit of farm level processing. Hence,
the need was felt to develop machinery for removing shell without
damaging film and kernel.
The decorticator has been designed at CIPHET based on the
principle that lotus seeds are allowed to rotate in the presence of air
and strike the inner walls of the outer cover laid with marble chips.
The impact force generated is in the range of 70 - 80 kg such that
shell is broken without damaging the kernel. The decortication unit
consists of two circular discs. The two discs are joined with four
propellers and ends of propellers are provided with rubber lining so as

14. to prevent breakage of seeds at the time of impact. The discs are
covered with outer cover having inner lining of marble and granite.
Material is fed through a hopper and enters in between the discs.
The impellers make the seeds to strike the outer cover, by which the
shell gets removed. After decortication, the kernel gets separated in
the cleaning and grading assembly. The decorticator is operated with
2 hp electric motor at a desired rpm. One person is required to operate
the machine. The machine has been designed such that it requires
minimum lubrication and quick attachments.
To optimize the performance, machine was tested at different rpm
(500 -1400) and with different levels of moisture content of lotus
seeds (5 - 20%, wet basis). Best performance was noted at 960 rpm.
Maximum decortication efficiency of 65.4 % was found at a moisture
content of 5.21% (wet basis). Maximum operational capacity was
found as 105 kg per hour. Capacity of the machine declined at higher
moisture contents.

16. Processing of Makhana The cleaned nuts are sun dried to an
extent of around 31% moisture content for ease of transportation and
temporary storage. Storage of gorgon nuts poses problems to the
growers, as it cannot be stored for longer period at ambient
conditions. It is necessary to sprinkle water at regular intervals during
storage of nuts to keep them fresh. The sun-dried nuts are then
categorized into 5 to 7 grades according to their sizes by means of a
set of sieves. Grading of gorgon nut facilitates uniform heating of
each nut during roasting. The sun-dried nuts are generally heated in
earthen pitcher or cast iron pan by placing them over fire and stirring
them continuously. After pre heating of nut, moisture content reduces
to approximately 20%. The pre-heated seeds are kept for tempering in
basket/pots for 45-72 hours. Tempering of seeds facilitates the
loosening of Roasting and popping are the most painstaking
operations of makhana processing. Makhana seeds are heated in
iron pans over the fire at 2905 degree Celsius to 340 degree Celsius
surface temperature with continuous stirring. When crackling sound is
heard, 5-7 roasted seeds are scooped quickly by hand and kept on
hard surface and sudden impact force is applied on them by means of
a wooden hammer. As the hard shell breaks, the kernel pops out in
expanded form, which is called makhana. Polishing of makhana is
done immediately after popping since popped makhana may absorb
moisture and render polishing difficult. It is done by rubbing action of
makhana pops among themselves in bamboo baskets. Polishing
facilitates more whiteness and luster to the makhana. After polishing,
makhana is graded into 2-3 grades namely Rasgulla, Samundha and
Thurri. The graded makhana is then packed in gunny bags. A gunny
bag with a capacity of 1 quintal of sugar may contain 8-9 kg of good
quality makhana.

17. APPLICATION IN FOODS:-
1) Lotus seed flour is used as food thickener in
soup formulation
2) The seeds of makhana are highly used in
Ayurvedic preparations.
3) Dessert Preparation
4) Lotus seed paste with sugar is used as a
part of pastries, rice flour pudding.
5) Lotus seed paste –Mono cakes
6) In preparation of phool makhana curry
7) Lotus seed syrup
* CONCLUSION:-
Makhana is an important aquatic crop .
It is still neglected , probably because of lack of awareness.
In India there are a lot of fallow wetlands, which remain
unutilized round the year .In such case , makhana cultivation
may fetch more revenue to the poor masses.
If sincere efforts are taken to cultivate makhana – a unique
food resource, it may help to upgrade the financial status of
many poor families in India.

18. REFERENCES:-
1.Sowmya L ,Roshini RP,Usha Ravi and Lakshami Menon,Utilisation of lotus
seed flour as food thickener in soup formulation.IFCON 2013,A-049
2. Dr.Q.V.Nguyen, A report for the Rural Industries Research
and Development Corporation, NSW Agriculture, Horticultural Research &
Advisory Station, Gosford, NSW and D Hicks, University of Western Sydney,
Hawkesbury August 2001RIRDC Publication No 01/032 ,RIRDC Project No
DAN 125A.
3. R N Mandal and R Bar, GENERAL ç ARTICLE The Sacred Lotus,
Department of Botany Bangabasi Morning College University of Calcutta.
August 2013,Page no.737.
4.Carlo F. Moro , Masami Yonekura *, Yoshiaki Kouzuma , Ganesh K.
Agrawal ,and Randeep Rakwal, Lotus – A Source of Food and Medicine.
International Journal of Life Sciences ISSN No. 2091-0525
5. Chouaibi, M., Mahfoudhi, N., Donsì, F., Ferrari, G., Hamdi, S. Nutritional
composition of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds, JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Year 2012 ,Volume 92.
6. Sasikumar Dhanarasu*1 and Awdah Al-Hazimi*2, PHYTOCHEMISTRY,
PHARMACOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC
APPLICATIONS OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA, Asian Journal of
Phytomedicine and Clinical Research. 1(2), 2013, 123 - 136.
7.RN Mandal*1.GS saha *2&N Sarangi*2.Harvest and processing of
makhana.Indian journal of Traditional knowledge .vol 9 (4),october 2010
8.CIPHETE-Newsletter for june 2009 vol.4 No.6
9.Mamta Shankar*1,Neha Chaudhary*2,Dheer Singh*3,International jouranal
of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2010;1(2):101-107
10.Business Plan for Makhana clusters in Bihar.