Noise and Vibration analysis services case study and overview by Gorm Dannesboe, Senior Consultant.
Presentation covers:
> Measuring Noise and vibrations
> Noise and vibration modelling methods
> How to mitigate noise and vibration on offshore platforms
> Case study from Lloyd's Register Energy.
You can read Gorm's accompanying bog here:
For more information about our services, click here: http://www.lr-ods.com/expertise/noise-and-vibration-control.aspx
This paper was originally presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference 2014.
1. Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
IPTC, Doha, 21st January 2014
Working together
for a safer world
2. Consultancy in Lloyd’s Register
•
Lloyd’s Register started out as a classification
society 250 years ago
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Now Lloyd’s Register covers a wide range of
services to the marine and energy business
including consulting.
•
Consulting includes among several areas
Engineering Dynamics and hereunder Noise and
Vibrations
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
3. Measuring Noise
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We use state of the art tools for measuring and analysing noise.
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What can we measure?
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Noise level
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Sound power of machines
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Reverberation time of rooms
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Absorption
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Insulation
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Etc.
Sound Pressure: dB
Pow Watts
er:
(sound)
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
4. Measuring Vibrations
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What can we measure
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Vibration levels
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Mobility
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Natural frequencies
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Impact test or operational modal analysis
(OMA)
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
5. Pre-construction analysis
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Finding and preventing the problems before they occur.
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Internal noise
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1
0.5
0
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Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
9. Modelling of structure-borne noise
Lv4
LW4
Lv2
LW2
LW3 Lv3
LW1
Lv1
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
10. Reducing vibrations from machinery
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Finite Element Modelling (FEM) to calculate mobility of support structures
Excitatio
n points:
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
11. Modelling as part of troubleshooting
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Modelling coupled with measurements is a powerful tool for solving many different
problems
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
12. Case study
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High levels of tonal noise from 45 t/h steam boiler
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Tones increase in frequency with increase in boiler load
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Increase in flow speed and temperature
Tones appear very suddenly following a small increase in load
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Preventing delivery of an oil tanker
And disappear just as suddenly at higher loads
Several tones observed simultaneously
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
15. •
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Fan tone
• Frequency doesn’t change with fan speed
Combustion instability
• Frequency too high
• Unlikely with oil fired nearly stoichiometric burn
Side branch resonance in exhaust stack
• Frequency too high
• No vibrations around side branch
Flow-structural interaction in heat exchanger
• Change in frequency with load too great
Flow-acoustic interaction in heat exchanger…
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
17. •
Scaling analysis
• Flow induced noise
• Important variables: flow speed U (function of temperature in the boiler),
pin diameter a
• [U] ~ ms-1, [a] ~ m, [f] ~ s-1 so St = fa /U
• Acoustic resonance
• Important variables: sound speed c (function of temperature), size of
boiler d
• [c] ~ ms-1, [d] ~ m, [f] ~ s-1 so He = f d / c
•
U and c are functions of temperature in the boiler
• Sweep
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
18. fd
= He1
c0 (T )
fd
= He 4
c0 (T )
fd
= He 2
c0 (T )
fa
=St 1
U
fd
= He 3
c0 (T )
fa
=St 2
U
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
19. •
Frequency of tones scale with sound speed
• Acoustic, correspond to eigenfrequencies of the cavity
• Frequency of tones are determined by acoustic response
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Existence of tones corresponds to a certain range of Strouhal numbers
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As the boiler load increases
• The flow speed increases
• The Strouhal number of a given tone falls into the unstable range when it
appears, and eventually to below the unstable range, where it disappears
• The temperature increases
• The sound speed increases and
• The frequency of a given tone increases
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
20. •
Simple solution is to fit a silencer
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But…
• Large silencer = large back pressure
• Effects boiler efficiency
• No guarantee a larger boiler (or indeed a smaller) won’t fail
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Motivation for a long term solution
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
21. •
Scale model built
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0.9 x 0.6 x 2.5 metres
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Cold air up to ca. 20m/s
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132 dB(A) 1m from outlet
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Complaints received from golf course 7 km away
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Staff threatened strike
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Tests stopped by police
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
22. •
Unsteady flow behind pipes generates fluctuating lift on pins
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This is a source of sound
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
23. •
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Acoustic response of cavity characterized by resonant acoustic modes
• Interaction between noise generated by unsteady flow and acoustic resonances
• Enhances the noise generating capability of the flow (nonlinear phenomenon)
• Synchronization
• Correlation
• Source amplification
• Not simply a case of broadband excitation exciting an acoustic resonance (linear
phenomenon)
Resulting in flow-acoustic self-sustaining oscillations, a.k.a. Boiler tones
Ordinary aeroacoustic prediction gives background noise level of 70 dB with broad
peaks up to about 90 dB.
• Peaks are too narrow and too high
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
24. An analogy: The Millennium Bridge
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
25. •
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Opened 10 June 2000
• Closed 12 June 2000
Bridge basically well engineered
• Calculated the structural response of 100,000 people per day walking across
• Assume stochastic, uncorrelated excitation (foot steps)
• Huge safety margin
• But possibly a little soft
But when the bridge starting swinging, the people on the bridge started swinging too
• Walking in time with the swing of the bridge
• Excitation no longer random
• Synchronized at the resonant frequency of the bridge
• Correlated in space because everyone sways the same way
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
26. •
Same story in the boiler
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Simple (70 dB) model assumes the flow behind each pin is uncorrelated and
stochastic
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But the flow “feels” the acoustic field and starts “swaying” in time to the response
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The unsteady flow behind the pins corresponds to the people on the bridge
Excitation becomes correlated and synchronized
New prediction 140 dB
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Measured 120
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Not fully correlated everywhere
Nonlinear damping mechanisms
Flow-acoustic self-sustaining oscillation
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry
28. Treatment
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Geometrical modification
• Reduce source power by modifying geometry
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Acoustic attenuation
• Increase dissipation in critical modes by introducing absorbing materials
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High temperatures – standard fibrous solutions will melt
Perforated plates
• Located at velocity maxima of critical modes
• Hole sized scaled to account for changes in acoustic conditions with temperature
and gas properties
• Significant levels of attenuation
• Self-cleaning
•
Noise and vibrations in the petroleum industry