The document summarizes the ideas of several 18th and 19th century thinkers and how their ideas related to classical liberalism. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and would give up rights to a ruler for protection, with the ability to overthrow a ruler not providing protection. Locke focused on natural rights like life, liberty, and property, and government accountability. Montesquieu advocated for separation of government powers and rule of law. Smith believed free markets and limited government allowing self-interest would benefit society. Mill and Dickens emphasized individual rights and freedoms, with Dickens also noting environmental and child labor issues limiting freedom. Their ideas commonly centered around individual rights, limited government, rule of law, and economic freedom.