3. Course structure and content for
PRACTICE SCHOOL (BP706PS)
• DOMAIN -11
ADVANCED HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCED EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
3
4. INDEX
INTRODUCTION
IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTIFICATION OF DRUG
WHO GUIDELINE
INTRODUCTION OF DRUG
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
EXTRACTION PROCESS
SIMPLE EXTRACTION PROCESS
ADVANCED EXTRACTION PROCESS
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQES
USES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE 4
5. INTRODUCTION
• HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
1) ALL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF VALUE ADDED PLANT PRODUCTS CAN
BE CALLED AS HERBAL TECHNOLOGY.
2) HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY IS USED FOR CONVERTING BOTANICAL MATERIAL INTO
MEDICINES.
Herbal drugs
and
pharmaceuticals
Neutraceuticals
Biopestisides
New techniques for
evaluation
Fuctional
foods,health foods
and drinks.
5
6. WHO GUIDELINE
1. AUTHENTICATION (STAGE OF COLLECTION, PARTS OF THE PLANT
COLLECTED, REGIONAL STATUS, BOTANICAL IDENTITY LIKE
PHYTO MORPHOLOGY, MICROSCOPICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS, TAXONOMICAL IDENTITY, ETC.)
2. FOREIGN MATTER (HERBS COLLECTED SHOULD BE FREE FROM
SOIL INSECT PARTS OR ANIMAL EXCRETA, ETC.)
3. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION (SENSORY CHARACTERS TASTE,
APPEARANCE, ODOUR, FEEL OF THE DRUG, ETC.)
4. TISSUES OF DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE PRESENT IN THE DRUG
POWDER
6
7. INTRODUCTION OF DRUG
• NAME- INDIAN KINO TREE
• SYNOYM – BIJASAL, MALBAR KINO.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- IT CAN CONSIST DRIED JUICE OF PLANT
PECTROCARPUS MARSUPIUM BELONGING TO FAMILY FABACEAE
• GEOGRAFICAL SOURCE- GUJRAT, MADHYAPRADESH, BIHAR.
• MORPHOLOGY
• COLOUR- RUBY RED
• ODOUR – CHARACTERISTIC
• TASTE – ASTRINGENT
7
8. METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT
TAXONOMICAL KEYS –
• GENUS- PECTROCARPUS
• FAMILY- FABACEAE
• CLASS – MAGNOLIOPSIDA
• SPECIES – MARSUPIUM
WRITTEN DISCRIPTION
SPECIMEN COMPARISON
EXPERT DETERMINATION
8
13. EXTRACTION BY
INFUSION METHOD
• THE AQUEOUS INFUSION OF
PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM BY SOAKING
50 GRAMS OF SAW DUST OF THE WOOD IN
500 ML. DISTILLED WATER FOR OVERNIGHT
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
• THE SUPERNATANT LIQUID WAS
COLLECTED AND THE FINAL VOLUME WAS
ADJUSTED SO THAT 10 ML OF INFUSION
REPRESENTED 1 GRAM OF THE CRUDE
DRUG.
• THE INFUSION WAS STORED IN A SEALED
CONTAINER IN REFRIGERATOR AT 4 °C FOR
SUBSEQUENT USE.
13
14. EXTRACTION BY DECOCTION METHOD METHOD
• THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA (1990) RECOMMENDS 50-100 GRAMS OF THE
DRUG FOR DECOCTION . IN ONE STUDY, DRIED HEARTWOOD OF PTEROCARPUS
MARSUPIUM WAS PULVERIZED, BOILED WITH DISTILLED WATER UNTIL THE VOLUME
WAS REDUCED TO LESS THAN 100 ML, AND FILTERED.
• THE VOLUME WAS ADJUSTED TO 100 ML IN ORDER TO OBTAIN AN EXTRACT, 1ML OF
WHICH CORRESPONDS TO 1 GRAM OF THE DRUG SURI ET AL. PREPARED THE
DECOCTION OF POWDERED PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM HEARTWOOD IN BOILING
WATER AND THEN SPRAY DRIED IT .
14
15. EXTRACTION BY
MACERATION
METHOD
• CHOPPED THE WOOD OF PTEROCARPUS
MARSUPIUM INTO SMALL PIECES AND
EXTRACTED IN ABSOLUTE ETHANOL FOR
1 WEEK . JOSHI ET AL. COLLECTED THE
HEARTWOOD AND CUT IT INTO VERY
SMALL PIECES.
• MACERATION WITH METHANOL WAS
DONE FOR 7 DAYS. THE EXTRACT WAS
VACUUM DRIED AND STORED IN A
REFRIGERATOR UNTIL FURTHER USE . IN
ONE STUDY, THE ALCOHOL EXTRACT OF
THE BARK OF PTEROCARPUS
MARSUPIUM WAS PREPARED BY COLD
DOUBLE MACERATION.
15
16. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
•THIS METHOD INVOLVES USE OF LIQUEFIED GASES,
USUALLY CO2 WHICH IS PUMPED THROUGH A
CYLINDRICAL CHANNEL CONTAINED THE TEST
SAMPLE MATERIAL AT AROUND 32◦C OR HIGHER AND
74 BARS
•THE MIXTURE IS THEN TAKEN TO A SEPARATING
CHAMBER WHERE THE GASES ARE RECOVERED FOR
RE-USE AND THE EXTRACT SEPARATED COMPLETELY
FROM THE SOLVENT.
•LABILE COMPOUNDS LIKE TERPENES AND
TERPENOIDS (B.P ~ 150◦C)
• IT IS NON-TOXIC, EASY TO RECOVER, MAINLY
ESSENTIAL OILS, AND NON-FLAMMABLE. IT IS
HOWEVER AN EXPENSIVE SET UP. 16
17. MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
•THIS IS BASICALLY THE TRADITIONAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION
BUT THE SOLVENT AND SAMPLE MIXTURE IS HEATED USING
MICROWAVE ENERGY.
•THE MICROWAVE ENERGY PENETRATES THROUGH PLANT
MATERIALS TARGETING AND EVAPORATING THE SMALLEST
TRACES OF MOISTURE IN PLANT CELLS. THE CELL WALLS
RAPTURE DUE TO PRESSURE CREATED BY THE HEATING
INSIDE THE CELLS.
•THIS RAPTURING EXUDATES ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM
WITHIN THE CELLS, MAKING THIS METHOD MORE YIELDING
OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
17
18. SONICATION
• IT CAN BE USED UNDER NORMAL TEMPERATURES BUT MOSTLY ON A HOT
PLATE AT VARIED ELEVATED TEMPERATURE THEREBY INCREASING CELL
WALL PERMEABILITY.
•CHOICE OF SOLVENTS IS CRITICAL BASED ON THE VISCOSITY, POLARITY,
SURFACE TENSION AND VAPOR PRESSURE WHICH INFLUENCE THE
CAVITATION PHENOMENA
• METHANOL, ETHANOL AND HEXANE ARE THE MOST COMMON SOLVENTS, TO
WHICH SOMETIMES.
•THIS METHOD IS EFFECTIVE IN RELEASING COMPONENTS BUT ITS
DISADVANTAGES INCLUDE HIGH INSTALLATION AND OPERATIONAL COSTS,
MODIFICATION OF SOME ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THE FORMATION OF FREE
RADICALS IN THE SAMPLES WHICH ARE LIKELY TO FALSIFY RESULTS
•IN THIS SONOCHEMISTRY BASED METHOD, ULTRASOUND WAVES (20 TO 2000
KHZ) ARE USED TO PENETRATE THE SAMPLE MATERIALS.
18
20. USES OF INDIAN KINO
• ANEMIA
• DYSENTERY
• HERPES
•
TOOTHACHE
DIABETES
BODY
PAIN
ASTHMA
SKIN
DISEASES
20
21. CONCLUSION
•COST OF SOME OPERATIONAL APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT MAY BE A LIMITING FACTOR IN
EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION. A COMBINATION OF SIMPLER AND CHEAPER METHODS COULD
OVERCOME THIS LIMITATION. DUE TO A VARIETY OF COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS FOR POTENTIAL DRUG
DEVELOPMENT, A SINGLE METHOD MAY NOT BE IDEAL TO EXTRACT AND TO ISOLATE THEM.
SOMETIMES, EFFICIENCY MAY BE ACHIEVED WHEN TWO OR MORE METHODS AT THE EXTRACTION
AND ISOLATION STAGES ARE COMBINED. STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION IS ALREADY DONE IN
COMBINATION OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES FOR MEANINGFUL INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRAL DATA.
HOWEVER, THERE IS NEED FOR A SINGLE ROBUST PIECE OF EQUIPMENT THAT CAN DO ALL THE
TECHNIQUES AT ONCE TO DETERMINE STRUCTURES OF COMPOUNDS.
•
21
22. REFRENCE
• 1] VATS V. GROVER JK. ET AL "EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERGLYCEMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF
TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM LINN, OSMIUM SANCTUM LINN AND PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM LINN IN
NORMAL AND ALLOXANIZED DIABETIC RATS" ETHNOPHARMACOLOG, 2002,79: 95-100.
• 2) MANKANI KL. KRISHNA V. ET AL EVALUATION OF OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF STEM BARK OF
PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM ROXB INDIAN JOURNAL PHARMACOLOGY, 2005, 37:165-168.
• 3) GROVER RK. ROY R. ET AL "DYNAMIC NMRINVESTIGATION OF TWO NEW INTERCONVERTIBLEDIASTERIOMERIC
EPIMER OF NATURAL 2-BENZYL-2HYDROXYBENZOFURONE DERIVATIVE FROM PTEROCARPUSMARSUPIUM"
TETRAHEDRON, 2004, 60:2005-2010.8) MANIKAM M. RAMANATHAN M. ET AL "ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF
PHENOLICS FROM PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM" J NAT PROD, 1997, 60: 609 10.
• 4) ACHARYA KP, ROKAYA MB "ETHNO BOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADED IN THE STREETS OF
KATHMANDU VALLEY "SCIENTIFIC WORLD, 2005,3: 44-48.
• 5) GENUS PTEROCARPUS. VERSION 10.01. 10.01 INTERNATIONAL LEGUME DATABASE AND INFORMATION SERVICE
(ILDIS) 2008
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