English Instruction in the YMCA
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These slides represent research from Chapter Four and Five of my dissertation presented in multiple contexts in Spring 2014.
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English Instruction in the YMCA
- 1. English Instruction in the YMCA Language Origins and the Construction of the Immigrant Learner Lance Cummings, Spring 2014
- 2. Thank You
- 3. Background
- 5. Tacit Language Policies Unidirectional Monolingualism Territorialization of language studies Notions of standard English Location of writers in sequence of development Horner and Trimbur, “English Only in U.S College Composition”
- 6. Religion, Mythology, Folklore Language Relationships Folk-Linguistics Popular Beliefs
- 7. Brueghel, Tower of Babel, Wikimedia Commons
- 8. “Comparison as a Mode of Inquiry,”Journal of Rhetoric, Professional Communication, and Globalization Sedimentation “Drawn from geological vocabulary, sedimentation represents the movement and repetition of matter (or structured performances) within the fluidity of time (or history). These movements often settle into a more permanent state through habit, giving shape to the ecologies (or conditions and contexts) around us through institutions, rituals, and discourse.”
- 10. “A transnational feminist analysis does not simply recover lost voices nor does it ask who suffers more and how two (or more) groups are similar; instead, transnational feminism illustrates a matrix of connections between people, nations, economies, and textual practices present in, for example, public policies and popular culture” (12). –Rebecca Dingo, Networking Arguments Triangle Trade, Wikimedia Commons
- 11. Sedimentary Rock, Wikimedia Commons
- 12. Hokciu YMCA, Wikimedia Commons joelsp, Flickr Buxton, IA YMCA, Wikimedia Commons
- 13. Monolingual ideologies adhered to belletristic rhetorics through acts of comparison based on Language Origin Theory, allowing these discourses to travel into diverse American contexts.
- 14. Language Origins
- 16. Adam Smith Lord Burnett (Monboddo) Joseph Priestley
- 18. Of Standards of Taste, David Hume Taste “It is impossible to continue in the practice of contemplating any order of beauty, without being frequently obliged to form comparisons between the several species and degrees of excellence, and estimating their proportion to each other.”
- 19. “Even in the deserts of America, where human nature shows itself in its most uncultivated state, the savages have their own ornament of dress, their war and death songs, their harangues and their orators.” Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres
- 21. “German Definite Article Declensions,” Wikipedia
- 23. More words Less Agreeable to the ear Less flexibility in structure Helico, Flickr
- 24. Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belle Lettres Style “Style became more precise, and, of course, more simple. Imagination too, in proportion as Society advanced, had less influence over mankind.…In place of poets, Philosophers became the instructors of men; and in the reasonings on all different subjects, introduced that plainer and simpler style of composition, which we now call Prose. (62)
- 25. Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres Grammar and the Mind “. . . the defect of style can . . . be traced back to his indistinct conception of the subject: so close is the connexion between thoughts, and the words in which they are clothed.”
- 26. “an exact index of the state of [each nation’s] mind” (864). Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1771
- 27. HFC, Flickr
- 28. pasa47, Flikr
- 31. 12th Street YMCA Gym, Wikimedia Commons
- 32. “[The YMCA] shall meet the young stranger as he enters our city, take him by the hand, direct him to a boarding house where he may find a quiet home pervaded with Christian influences…” –Original Boston Constitution, 1851
- 34. “…likely to become a public charge.”
- 35. “The mighty tide of immigration to our shores has brought in its train much of good and much of evil; and whether the good or the evil shall predominate depends mainly on whether these new-comers do or do not throw themselves heartily into our national life, cease to be European, and become Americans like the rest of us.” –Theodore Roosevelt, True Americanism (1897)
- 36. Statements and Recommendations . . . Dr. Peter Roberts Americanization of the foreigner will never take place until he knows the English language. The speech of a people is the best conveyer of its civilization and ideals, and the immigrants ought to have the best possible privilege to learn our speech as soon as they settle in the land (85).
- 37. T.G. Rooper, Object-Teaching: or Words and Things (1894) Object Learning Without words we can look at objects and know them as animals do, but we can have little or no science. (14)
- 39. “With this in view, therefore, let us suppose a reasonable being, devoid of every prepossession whatever, placed upon this globe…” –“Universal Grammar,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1771
- 40. Fracois Gouin,The Art of Teaching and Studying Language Child Acquisition Instruments of Logic Succession or Contiguity in Time Relation of means to an end
- 41. “Yes, it is the voice of parental love, acting upon nature’s wonderful mechanism—the ear, that elicits the response of affection in the soul of its offspring. And the coming of thousands of foreignspeaking men and women to our country each year affords us opportunity to perform this miracle in thousands of instances if we trust the ear and speak to these men in accents of sympathy and affection. (11-12)” –Peter Roberts, English for Coming Americans
- 44. “Let the classroom be a microcosm, and the pupils will be better able to play their part in the macrocosm wherein they move and act. (27)” –Peter Roberts, English for Coming Americans
- 45. M. Bakhtin Authoritarian Discourse Another's discourse performs here no longer as information directions, rules, models and so forth—but strives rather to determine the very bases of our ideological interrelations with the world, the very basis of our behavior …
- 50. Peter Roberts, The Problem of Americanizaiton Nature With a gun and a good knife, they sought adventure, and were able to defend themselves in a way dreamed of by few boys to-day, cooped, as they are, in factories and mills.
- 51. Battle of New Orleans, Wikicommons
- 52. 1893 Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Replicas, Wikipedia
- 54. “Without an understanding of the histor y, we may continue to use pedagogical strategies that are no longer appropriate for the changing student population or dismiss some useful ideas or practices for Paul Matsuda, Exploring Composition the wrong reasons.” Studies
- 55. Implications and Further Questions How have language ideologies continued to adhere past pre-disciplinary work of the YMCA? How do these language ideologies shape online and digital writing environments? How do students and writers contest, reshape, or remix elements of language ideology?
- 56. Q&A
Notes de l'éditeur
- -Archival Research -Language origins from 18th, 19th centuries -Breath
- 3:00
- -Biblical Stories in the West -Language diversity as a curse -Religious discourse disappears
- - Used in lots of theories Just read Social entities, like the nation, language, religion are not things, but sedimented performances They exist because we do them over and over
- Connect to Foucault Deploy the term sedimentation
- Travel
- Unsediment Power is networked and relational Identify points of agency where ideologies can be disarticulated, contested, remixed, or made anew reshape power relations
- -So I don’t want to just trace these sedimentations through time, but see how they function differently in different contexts, in order to help identify the performative aspects that can eventually be unsedimented. http://www.flickr.com/photos/joelsp/4399976708/
- 10:00
- -mid-18th century -Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, a pupil of John Locke’s, -disarticulating language origins from the bible and history
- Joseph Priestly: Protestant Dissenter Lord Burnett: Comparative linguistics, single origin Served different rhetorical functions
- -Scottish thinkers “remixed” many of these Enlightenment ideas to create agency within English hegemony.
- -Scottish Enlightenment, often associated with David Hume -Move towards writing/literature -
- Attributes taste, art, and reason to “primitive” But places on a ladder Stadial Theory, “Science of Man”
- Adam Smith Often start with animal/human dichotomy - Gestures -> sounds
- -Beginning with primal words that signified nouns, languages added parts of speech to describe states, qualities, relations, and time. -While languages remained isolated, fewer words were required, as many of these relations could be identified through declension, conjugations, and cases.
- -According to Smith, grammatical elements were added to language so as to make the acquisition of each language easier for “foreigners,” as countries began to intermingle more
- But this “compounding” has a detrimental effect on language, as opposed to the perfecting effect this generally has on machines, for three reasons: (1) more words are required to express what normally required one, (2) these compounds sound “less agreeable to the ear” and (3) lend less flexibility in structure. Smith shows here a clear preference for ancient languages and literature, all of which represent more prefect forms of language.
- -English language of science and philosophy
- 20:00 -YMCA started in 1850s Britain, traveled to America
- -mostly as clubs -“muscular Christianity”
- -Urban
- -22 million between 1890 and 1930 -1907: reached million in one year -also paralleled urban growth -New York 1.5 -5.6 million between 1890-1920
- -point of contention -By the turn of century, several immigration acts had been passed -Primarily restricting access as “…likely to become”
- -dichotomous terms -language different constructed as liability
- - Some obvious things about that - English Immigrant and Yale Graduate - Began his work as a pastor and advocate for Slav Miners - Special Secretary of Immigrant Affairs for YMCA Wrote all of his own textbooks 1909 - 1600 students, 1911 - 13,000, 1909 Formal Course of study
- -disarticulates language from reality or culture -garments of language used to clothe language
- -subject position, person with no history or culture
- -unidirectional -The Roberts Method works to not only to teach language but embody an ideology or discourse (or what Bakhtin calls scenario), to formulate the immigrant around Christian, masculine, and capitalist ideals. For Bakhtin, language acquisition is not just the accumulation of rules and vocabulary, but the assimilation of these "concrete utterances,” which could become sedimented and difficult to transform or change (83). -he structure of Roberts’ classes and readers left little room for independent thought, experimenting, or critiquing authoritative discourse. Robert’s Americanization program allowed immigrants access to American culture and citizenship, but immigrants were only allowed enough agency to acquire authoritarian discourse—participatory forms of discourse were excluded—a practice that continued throughout the rest of the Americanization process, at least as constructed by Roberts advanced readers.
- 35:00
- In his book The Problem of Americanization, Roberts associates the beginnings of American democracy with the "simple life" of the poor farmer "face to face with the elemental forces of nature," creating an environment where the "laws of nature" made evident the "rights of men" (3). This is in turn associated with masculinity where boys grew into men in the "field and forest": "With a gun and a good knife, they sought adventure, and were able to defend themselves in a way dreamed of by few boys to-day, cooped, as they are, in factories and mills" (4). Not only has industrial civilization made democracy hard to discern and attain, but proper masculinity as well. The second reader becomes a way to build character on top of the stateless child subjectivity developed by the Roberts method and the first reader by returning immigrant learners to an environment where democracy (and masculinity) were the purest.
- Even though the teaching of English would distance itself more and more from conjectural histories about language and race, the practices they promoted, as well as the masculine, Anglo-Saxon native speaker ideal, would remain sedimented in many approaches to language instruction. Dividing classes by nationality, segregating non-native speakers of English, and identifying linguistic diversity as a problem to be solved would be common twentieth century practices. The method for determining these categories would be based on a native speaker ideal centered on a masculine mind that functions on universal laws of logic which are developed, along with language, most effectively as a child.
- 40:00
- 45:00 -English-Only classrooms, “translanguaging,” embodied -Examining “unsedimented grammar” -Language Immersion, extension for Chrome -Plain English, Plain Writing Act