1. ENERGY SOURCES, QUALITY AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY
SOURCES & CLASSIFICATION OF
ENERGY SOURCES
Ms. Latika Yadav (Research Scholar), Dept. of Foods and Nutrition,
College of H.Sc,Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology, MPUAT, Udaipur, rajasthan-313001, email.id:
a.lata27@gmail.com

2. Definition of ENERGY
The ability of a
system to do work.
ENERGY
A physical quantity
which produces a
change or effect.
Unit of measurement:
the joule (J).

3. Y
E NERG
C ES OF
SOUR
L
TH EWOR
D

4. Y
ENER G S OF
SOUR CE
OR LD!
THE W

5. Although oil, natural gas, and coal will
remain the primary energy sources for the foreseeable
future, a variety of resources
will be needed to meet the world’s growing demand.
Y
ENERG S OF
SO URCE
All energy sources have benefits,
OR LD!
THE W

6. QUALITY OF ENERGY SOURCES
Energy quality is the contrast between different Hydroelectricity
forms of energy, the different trophic levels in ecological
systems and the propensity of energy to convert from
one form to another. It appeals to our common
perception of the heat value, versatility, and
environmental performance of different energy forms
and the way a small increment in energy flow can
sometimes produce a large transformation effect on
both energy physical state and energy. For example the
transition from a solid state to liquid may only involve a
very small addition of energy.
Wind Power
Biomass
Fossil Fuels
Geothermal

7. ENERGY QUALITY is of 3 types:
1) Energy quality in physical-chemical science ( direct energy
transformations):
i) Constant energy form, but variable energy flow
ii) Variable energy form, but constant energy flow
2) Energy quality in ecological physical chemistry ( direct and
indirect energy transformations):
i) Constant energy form and constant energy flow
ii) Variable energy form and variable energy flow
3) Energy quality in biophysical economics ( indirect energy
transformations)

8. 1) Energy quality in physical- ENERGY TRNSFORMATION
chemical science ( direct energy
transformations):
i) Constant energy form, but variable
energy flow: T.Ohta suggested that the
concept of energy quality may be more
intuitive if one considers examples where
the form of energy remains constant but
the amount of energy flowing, or
transferred is varied. For instance if we
consider only the inertial form of energy,
then the energy quality of a moving body
is higher when it moves with a greater
velocity. If we consider only the heat
form of energy, then a higher
temperature has higher quality. And if
we consider only the light form of energy
then light with higher frequency has
greater quality (Ohta 1994, p. 90).

9. ii) Variable energy form, but constant energy flow : The situation
becomes more complex when the form of energy does not remain constant. Here,
energy quality is defined by the relative ease with which the energy transforms,
from form to form.
If energy A is relatively easier to convert to energy B but energy B
is relatively harder to convert to energy A, then the quality of energy A is defined
as being higher than that of B. (T.Ohta 1994, p. 90).
DIRECT ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

10. 2) Energy quality in ecological physical chemistry ( direct and
indirect energy transformations):
Ecological physical chemistry is concerned with the energy
conversions where the energy forms and flows are not held constant, and how the
form changes over successive indirect transformation steps in an ecological food
chain for example.
i) Constant energy form and constant energy flow
ii) Variable energy form and variable energy flow
Solar energy is categorized
into direct or indirect energy
transformation

11. INDIRECT ENERGY
TRANSFORMATION
3) Energy quality in biophysical economics (indirect energy transformations):
The notion of energy quality was also recognized in the economic sciences. In the
context of biophysical economics energy quality was measured by the amount of
economic output generated per unit of energy input (C.J. Cleveland et al. 2000).

12. Ranking energy quality HIGHEST QUALITY
Ohta Ranking Odum Ranking
Electromagnetic Information
Mechanical Human Services
Photon Protein Food
Chemical Electric Power
Heat Food, Greens, Grains
Howard. T. Odum
River-water potential
DIFFERENT HIERARCHICAL Consolidated Fuels
RANKS OF ENERGY FORM River Chemical energy
QUALITY
Mechanical
Tide
Gross Photosynthesis
Average wind
Sunlight
LOWEST QUALITY

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY
Energy can be stored. Energy can be transported. Energy can be transformed.
Energy can be transferred. Energy can be preserved. Energy can be degraded.

14. ENERGY SOURCE classification 2011
1) PETROLEUM & THEIR
PRODUCTS
Fossil Fuels
2) BIO FUELS
3) NATURAL GAS
4) COAL
5) BIOMASS
6) HYDROGEN
Biomass
7) NUCLEAR ENERGY
8) SOLAR ENERGY
9) HYDROELECTRIC
10) WIND POWER
Wind Power
11) GEOTHERMAL
12) OTHERS
Hydroelectricity
Geothermal

15. PETROLEUM is formed from animals and plants that lived
millions of years ago when heat and pressure turned decayed
matter into crude oil.
• Transportation fuel for the world
• Basis of many products, from
prescription drugs to plastics
• Economical to produce, easy
to transport
• High C02 emissions l
w ab
• Found in limited areas ne
e
• Supply may be exhausted nr e
before natural gas/coal resources no
• Possible environmental impact
from drilling and transporting

16. PROPANE is produced as a byproduct from natural gas
processing and crude oil refining. It burns hotter and more
evenly than other fuels.
• Yields 60–70% less smog-producing
hydrocarbons than gasoline/diesel
fuel or propane exhaust
• Nontoxic and insoluble in water
• Doesn’t spill, pool, or leave a residue
• Uses some fossil fuels in conversion l
w ab
• Highly flammable
ene
• Less energy in a gallon of propane nr e
than in a gallon of gasoline or no
diesel fuel

17. NATURAL GAS consists primarily of methane but includes
significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide.
• Widely available
• Burns more cleanly than coal or oil
• Often used in combination with
other fuels to decrease pollution in
electricity generation
• Added artificial odor that people
can easily smell the gas in case
of a leak
ble
e wa
n
• Transportation costs are high n re
• Burns cleanly, but still no
has emissions
• Pipelines impact ecosystems

18. COAL is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval forests,
when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into coal. Coal
is a part of the fossil fuels family.
• Abundant supply
• Currently inexpensive to extract
• Reliable and capable of
generating large amounts
of power
b l
• Emits major greenhouse gases
ewa
and acid rain ren
• High environmental impact from n on e
mining and burning
• Mining can be dangerous
for miners

19. NUCLEAR ENERGY is generated in reactors, when nuclear
fuel fission heats water, and the steam turns turbines to run
the generators that convert energy into electricity.
• No greenhouse gases or C02 emissions
• Efficiently transforms energy
into electricity
• Uranium reserves are abundant
• Refueled yearly
• Higher capital costs
• Problem of long-term l
w ab
storage of radioactive waste
ene
• Heated waste water from o nr e
nuclear plants harms aquatic life n
• Potential nuclear proliferation issue

20. SOLAR ENERGY is generated when photovoltaic (PV)
cells convert heat from the sun directly into electricity.
• Nonpolluting
• Most abundant energy
source available
• Systems last 15–30 years
• High initial investment
• Dependent on sunny weather
• Supplemental energy may be l e
needed in low sunlight areas w ab
• Requires large physical space ne
re
for PV cell panels

21. HYDROELECTRIC POWER is generated when flowing water
turns turbines to run generators that convert energy into electricity.
• No emissions
• Reliable
• Capable of generating
large amounts of power
• Output can be regulated
to meet demand
• Environmental impacts by le
w ab
changing the environment e
n
• Hydroelectric dams re
are expensive to build
• Dams may be affected
by drought
• Potential for floods

22. WIND POWER is generated when wind turns turbines to run
the generators that convert energy into electricity, which is
then stored in batteries.
• No emissions
• Affordable
• Little disruption of ecosystems
• Relatively high output
• Output is proportional
to wind speed
• Not feasible for all a bl e
e w
geographical locations ren
• High initial investment
• Extensive land use

23. BIOMASS is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled
restaurant greases, and other byproducts of plant, agricultural,
and forestry processing or industrial and human waste products.
• Abundant supply
• Fewer emissions than
fossil fuel sources
• Can be used in diesel engines
• Auto engines can easily be
converted to run on biomass fuel
• Source must be near usage
to cut transportation costs b le
• Emits some pollution ewa
• Increases nitrogen oxides, ren
an air pollutant emissions
• Uses some fossil fuels in conversion

24. ETHANOL is a subset of biomass that is manufactured from
alcohols, ethers, esters, and other chemicals extracted from
plant and tree residue. It can be made from corn, sugar,
wheat, and barley.
• Easily manufactured
• Fewer emissions than fossil fuel
• Carbon-neutral (C02 emissions
offset by photosynthesis in plants)
• Extensive use of cropland
• Less energy in a gallon of
ethanol than in a gallon of
gasoline or diesel fuel
• Costs more than gasoline to produce
• Currently requires government subsidy
to be affordable to consumers

25. HYDROGEN is found in combination with oxygen in water, but it
is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum,
or coal. Hydrogen fuel is a byproduct of chemically-mixing hydrogen
and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. It’s stored in
a “cell” or battery.
• Abundant supply
• Water vapor emissions only
• Excellent industrial safety record
• More expensive to produce
than fossil fuel Systems
• Currently uses a large
amount of fossil fuels in the b le
hydrogen extraction process ewa
• Storage and fuel cell technology ren
still being developed

26. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is generated by heat in the earth’s
core. It is found underground by drilling steam wells (like oil
drilling). There is a global debate as to whether geothermal
energy is renewable or nonrenewable.
• Minimal environmental impact
• Efficient
• Power plants have low emissions
• Low cost after the
initial investment
• Geothermal fields found in e
bl
few areas around the world
e wa
• Expensive start-up costs ren
• Wells could eventually
be depleted

27. REFERNECES
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. http://www.thefullwiki.org/Energy_quality
3. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/sources-
energy/characteristics-energy.php
4. http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus_maaritelmat_2011_
en.pdf
5. http://www.msgravlinastec.weebly.com