Bed Bug Biology/Behavior and Research Update

Bed Bug Biology/Behavior
and
Research Update
Dr. Susan C. Jones
Professor of Entomology

The Bed Bug
(Cimex lectularius)
• Insects (true bugs)
• Typically feed at night
• Feed only on blood
• Prefer to feed on humans
• Alternate hosts:
rodents, bats, birds, pets
(cats, dogs, etc.)
Not caused by bad housekeeping!!
BED BUGS CAN HAPPEN TO ANYONE!
• Cause significant economic,
physical, & mental distress

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
37
84
167
2
305
Hamilton Co. Public Health Dept.1,2 Cincinnati Health Dept.3
2003
&
2004
reporting system
instituted
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2006 2007 2008
1,101
~10
724
bed bug inspection
program suspended
* Represent a small fraction of overall bed bug infestations in area.
1Verified to be bed bugs. 2 Data courtesy of Greg Kesterman. 3Data courtesy of Camille Jones.
SW Ohio Bed Bug Complaints*
Bed Bug Make Their Way to Ohio

OSU’s Ohio Statewide Bed Bug Surveys
(2011 and 2016)
• Survey regarding bed bug-related issues
emailed or mailed to pest management
companies and individuals licensed to
treat for bed bugs in Ohio
– 2011 survey
• Response Rate = 225/632 = 35.6%
– 2016 survey
• Response Rate = 329/1041 = 31.6%

Franklin
Butler
Hamilton
OSU Survey: Number of Bed Bug Treatments
2005
Cuyahoga
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Columbus
Toledo
Dayton
Akron
Canton
Stark
Lucas
• Hamilton
• Franklin
• Butler, Lucas, & Cuyahoga
Top 3 counties for bed bugs:

OSU Survey: Number of Bed Bug Treatments
2011
Hamilton
Franklin
Cuyahoga
Butler
Medina
Stark
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Columbus
Toledo
Dayton
Akron
Canton
2016
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Columbus
Toledo
Dayton
Akron
Canton
Hamilton
Franklin
Cuyahoga
Butler
Stark
>5X higher
than 2005
scale
10X higher
than 2005
scale
• Franklin
• Cuyahoga
• Hamilton, Lucas
• Franklin
• Hamilton
• Cuyahoga
2011 2016
Top 3 counties for bed bugs:
↑
↓ ↑
↓ ↑

OSU Survey: Bed Bug Treatments by Pest
Management Professionals per Year
%ofRespondents
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2011
2016

0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
2011
2016
OSU Survey: Bed Bug Treatment Sites
Average % of Work Done at Site Types
(Gov.
Subsidized)
(Not
Subsidized)

9.2%
20.0%
32.3%
20.0%
18.5%
2011
30.5%
22.6%
28.0%
10.4%
8.5%
2016
Use of sticky traps for bed bugs is decreasing--
sticky traps are not very effective in capturing bed bugs
OSU Survey: Percentage of PMPs Using
Sticky Tape or Glue Traps (Passive Monitors)
Always
AlwaysNever
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often

--Passive Monitoring Devices--
Sticky Traps Bed Bug Pitfall Traps
ClimbUp
Interceptor
LightsOut
Interceptor
bed
leg
BB Stop
Pitfall Trap

Pitfall Traps (Passive Monitors)
42.1%
23.0%
22.2%
4.8%
7.9%
40.9%
17.1%
22.6%
14.6%
4.9%
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Always
Some increase in use of pitfall traps
2011 2016
OSU Survey: Percentage of PMPs Using

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0% 1% to
10%
11% to
25%
26% to
50%
51% to
75%
>75% Don't
Know
2011
2016
OSU Survey: Misuse of DIY Products
by Customers
% of Customers Misusing DIY
%ofRespondents
Increasing # of customers are misusing DIY products

OSU Survey: Products
Misused by Customers
2016
Alcohol
Insecticide
Dust or
Powder
OTC Fogger
“Natural”
Products
Home
Cleaner/
Disinfectant
Professional
Pesticide2011
Alcohol
Insecticide
Dust or
Powder
OTC
Insecticide
Aerosol or
Liquid
OTC Fogger
Professional
Pesticide
OTC
Insecticide
Aerosol or
Liquid

DON’T use bug bombs
for bed bugs!
www.nobuggy.com

- ”Bug Bombs” work very poorly
against crawling insects
- Few bugs will be killed!
- “Bug Bombs” can cause bed bugs
(and cockroaches) to scatter!!!
Bug bombs can worsen a
bed bug problem!

Over-the-Counter Foggers (“Bug Bombs”)
— OSU Research —

DON’T use ultrasonic
repellent devices against
bed bugs or other insects.

cockroach
feces
cockroach
shed skin
bed bugs nearby

Percent (mean ± SE) of affected (moribund and dead) bed bug
adults 7 days after being sprayed with various alcohol products.
You will not kill many bed bugs by
spraying alcohol products. (You may
drown some with a thorough soaking).

Reasons why residents
should not dispose of
furniture, mattresses, etc.:
• Bed bugs will fall off the furniture as it is being
moved, hence spreading the problem.
• Infested furniture usually can be treated.
• Bed bugs can quickly infest replacement
furniture.
• Items placed in dumpsters often are picked up
and reused, thereby spreading bed bugs to
other households.

Some Basics of Bed Bug
Management
• Early detection and treatment are
very important.
• Bed bug control typically is much
faster and less expensive when the
infestation is detected early.

bedbugfoundation.org
Unfed adults: ~1/4 to
3/8 inch long
0.2 inch
The Bed Bug Life Cycle
Total developmental
time (egg to adult):
21 days @ 86F
120 days @ 65F

BED BUG HABITS
• Cannot fly
• Can walk very fast
• Typically hide during the day in dark,
protected sites (esp. cracks & crevices)
• Prefer fabric, wood, and paper surfaces
• Can cling tightly to surfaces

In Electrical Outlets
Behind A Hanging Picture
Some bed bug hiding places
In Carpeting
In Furniture

96 95
10
5
14
3 4
1 2 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Totalnumberofbugsindetectors
1st Cirkil treatment
(3.5 gal Cirkil CX +
0.17 gal RTU)
10-24-12
2nd Cirkil treatment
(1.63 gal Cirkil CX +
0.13 gal RTU)
11-07-12
4th Cirkil treatment
(5 gal Cirkil CX +
0.58 gal RTU)
01-18-13
Total volume
Cirkil applied:
15.13 gal CX +
1.26 gal RTU
0 0
Live adults for ~145 days
3rd stage
nymph
1st stage
nymph
adult
male
Live immature bed
bugs for ~110 days
Home vacated: late August 2012
Home temperature: 65-70°F (18-21°C)
starved bed bugs can
survive for a long time:
3rd Cirkil treatment
(5 gal Cirkil CX +
0.38 gal RTU)
11-21-12

Home temperature: 65-70°F (18-21°C)
c
l
o
s
e
t
bed
Living
Room
Dining
Room
Master
Bedroom
Guest
Bedroom
Bath
bed
Kitchen
recliner
closet
stairs to
basement
c
l
o
s
e
t
live
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
dead
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live
live live
live
dead
dead
dead
4 ClimbUps contained a
total of 38 bed bugs (all
stages) from master
bedroom only
8 Verifis contained a
total of 58 bed bugs
(all stages) from
living room, dining
room, guest and
master bedrooms
dead
dead
dead
Key
ClimbUp
Verifi
Bed bug movement in vacant home—
Assessment with Monitoring Devices
Monitors in place for 9 d

Bed bugs are very
good hitchhikers!
• luggage
• furniture
• bedding
• backpacks, purses, briefcases
• clothing
• …
Bed bugs can be moved from one place
to another by hiding in:

--Bed Bug Hitchhikers—
in walker & wheelchair
Photos courtesy of General Pest Control Co.

in shoe tread

Bed Bugs In
Public Facilities
• Brought in by visitors, staff, etc.
• Brought in on clothing, coats, shoes, purses,
briefcases, wheelchairs, walkers, etc.
• Bugs then crawl into the facilities’ chairs,
carpeting, equipment, etc.
• A single bed bug does not warrant panic or
business closure!
– Early identification is very important
– Capture a bug for positive identification

--A pictorial guide for recognizing bed bugs and other household pests
--Information on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies
http://u.osu.edu/bedbugs

OSU Survey: Common Bed Bug “Imposters”
• Carpet beetles
• Cockroaches (esp. nymphs)
• Stink bugs
• Others, less common
– Bat bugs
– Other insects
– Non-insects
About 15% of customers ask for bed bug
treatment when they have a different pest

– easily mistaken for bed bugs
– multiple symptoms including itching
(pruritus) and rash-- groups of spots; or
red, inflamed skin with or without
blisters
– complaints of being bitten by something
causing an intense itching and rash
– in some people, irritation of respiratory
tract and eyes
Know your Pest:
Carpet Beetles
furniture carpet beetle
Anthrenus flavipes
larvae
adults
black carpet beetle
Attagenus unicolor
larva
adult
pestcontrol-products
.com/beetle_facts.htm
Larval hairs can cause
dermatitis in humans

• Larvae feed on animal materials
– woolens, carpets, furs, hides, feathers, horns,
bones, hair, silk, fish meal, insect pupae, dead insects
– cause surface damage, misc. holes, uneven areas
• Larvae also feed on plant materials
– rye meal, corn, red pepper, rice, flour, wheat
• Adults feed primarily on pollen & nectar (esp. Spiraea spp.
& crape myrtle); pollen is required for egg production
Carpet Beetles
Bridal wreath spirea Japanese spirea Crape myrtle
varied carpet beetle
Anthrenus verbasci
James Kalisch, UNL Entomology
adults
larvae

Recognize the telltale
signs of bed bugs!
• Black fecal spots
• Shed skins & eggshells
• Live bed bugs (nymphs & adults)
• Blood stains from crushed bugs
• Welts on exposed skin
• Distinctive “buggy” odor
(in severe infestations)
38

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM) :
Correctly identify the pest
+
Conduct a thorough inspection
+
Use sanitation measures
+
Use non-chemical measures
+
Apply insecticides to targeted sites

Vacuuming to contain bed bugs
Jones and Boggs. 2001. OSU Fact Sheet HYG-2158.

Treatment Options
• Heat treatment (whole structure, container)
• Important to include
residual insecticide product(s)
• Insecticide treatment (dusts, liquids, aerosols)
• Residual insecticide products are essential
• Fumigation (sulfuryl fluoride)
• Important to include
residual insecticide product(s)

• Residual insecticides are essential!!!
• There is no single “magic bullet”
• Bed bug control is time-intensive and
labor-intensive
• Spot treat all harborage sites
Management Using
Insecticides

• Bed bug control typically takes several
treatments (average of 2 to 3 trts)
• It is important to use several different
formulations (dusts, sprays, etc.), and
often, several different insecticides
Management Using
Insecticides

OSU Survey: Visits Needed per Infestation
Clustered around average of 2-3 visits per infestation
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more
2011
2016

Active Ingredient
(insecticide class)
Product Name(s)
Imidacloprid + ß-cyfluthrin
(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)
Temprid®
SC
Acetamiprid + bifenthrin
Transport®
Mikron
Transport®
GHP
Thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin
Tandem®
Dinotefuran + diatomaceous earth
(neonicotinoid + silica dioxide)
Prescription Treatment
Alpine®
Dust
Alpine®
PI
Chlorfenapyr
(halogenated pyrrole)
Phantom®
SC
Phantom®
PI
Amorphous silica gel CimeXa™
Clothianidin + metofluthrin + PBO
(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid + synergist)
CrossFire®
Some newer insecticides for use against bed bugs:

P
h
a
n
t
o
m
P
I
B
e
d
l
a
m
A
l
p
i
n
e
P
I
P
r
o
p
o
x
u
r
Insecticides
Don’t Always Kill
Bed Bug Eggs

Bed bugs are developing resistance to newer insecticides…

Silica Gel – Promising Desiccant Dust

Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth
Against Bed Bugs
•Water dramatically reduces
efficacy of DE, even once it
dries!
•Do not allow DE
applications to become
damp!
— OSU Research Study —

Fungus –
Promising Biopesticide

Two synthetic pesticides that
ARE regulated by EPA
Eleven natural pesticides that
ARE NOT regulated by EPA
Rutgers Univ. 2014 Study
Percentage of dead bed bug nymphs at 10 days
after being directly sprayed

August 2010
Bed bugs are a
pest of significant
public health
importance!
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement.htm
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/bedbugs/
CDC & EPA
Joint
Statement

Bed Bug Bites
• Skin reactions (avg = 7 of 10 people)
• Redness
• Welts
• Itching
• Resemble bites from other insects & arthropods
• Typically no red spot at the center (such as with
fleas and black flies)
• Typically occur on exposed skin
• Neck and face; shoulders and arms; back; etc.
• Rarely occur on the palms or soles (such as with
scabies mites)
• Often occur in rows or groups
• Confirmation based on finding bed bug evidence

Health Effects from Bed Bugs
• Skin reactions (7 of 10 people on avg.)
• Redness
• Welts
• Itching
• Secondary bacterial infections
• Anemia
• Asthma
• Anaphylactic shock
• Psychological effects
• Sleeplessness
• Agitation
• Anxiety
• Insecticide exposure
• …

Tips for Employees That Make
Home Visits
• Minimize items to be carried inside
• Don’t sit on beds, upholstered furniture,
or the floor
• Do a self-inspection immediately after
departing (thoroughly inspect shoes)
• Change into fresh clothing ASAP
(consider keeping a change of
clothes at work)
• Bag used items (seal the bag)
• Dissolvable laundry bags are an option
• Disinfect clothing by laundering & drying
Tyvek boot covers
Tyvek coveralls

Disinfect Items by
Laundering & Drying
(kills all bed bug life stages)
Launder clothing
• Wash in hot water (>120ºF)
• Use drier on hot setting (>30 mins.)
• Dry clean items

Did you check for signs
of bed bugs in your
hotel/motel room when
you last traveled?

BED BUG PREVENTION
FOR TRAVELERS
Make it STANDARD PRACTICE to check
for bed bugs in hotel/motel rooms!
• Pull back the bedding and look for black fecal
spots on mattress & box springs (especially
seams)
• Carefully examine the underside of the bed skirt
• Look for bb signs along bed frame (especially
head board)
• Open nightstand drawers and look for bb signs
along inner and outer edges
• Look for bb signs along baseboards
DON’T STAY IN A ROOM THAT HAS BB SIGNS

BED BUG PREVENTION
FOR TRAVELERS
• Keep clothes in your zipped suitcase
• Don’t keep clothes in hotel chest-of-drawers
• OK to hang clothes in closet
• Don’t store your suitcase on the bed,
floor, or upholstered furniture
• Keep your suitcase on the luggage rack
(after first inspecting it for bb signs)
Reduce the chances of getting bed bugs
from hotel/motel rooms!
• The bathroom (tub) is the best place to
store your items!

BED BUG PREVENTION AT HOME
Don’t bring infested items home!
• Inspect clothing and luggage of
travelers
• Inspect secondhand beds,
bedding, furniture, & clothing

in luggage

Acknowledgments
• Central Ohio Bed Bug Task Force
• Ohio Pest Management Association
• Sarah Casey
• Alex Tyrpak
• Tae-Young Lee
• Olimpia Ferguson

Acknowledgements
Funding support:
• USDA National Institute of Food and
Agriculture (NIFA), Hatch
• Extension IPM Program
Statistics (for survey):
• OSU Statistical Consulting Service
– Steven Naber
– Jeni Squiric
– Michael Matthews
– Chengong Han

• 1 Call Pest Contracting
• 4 Corners Pest Solutions
• 4Sure Pest Control
• *A & A Pest Control Service
• A-ABEL Exterminating Co.
• Abell Pest Control
• ABES Pest Control, Inc.
• Absolute Extermination and
Inspection, LLC
• Accel Pest Control OH, LLC
• *Ace Exterminating Co.
• Acme Exterminating, Inc.
• Action Exterminating
• Action Now, Inc.
• Action Pest Control, Inc. &
American Exterminating Co.
• Advanced Pest Control
• Aero Pest Control, LLC
• Affordable Exterminating
• *Aid Pest Control, LLC
• Algo Termite and Pest Control
• All Ohio Pest Control Co.
• All Pest Exterminating, Inc.
• AllPest Pest Control and
Solutions
• All State Termite & Pest
• All-Pro Wildlife Control
• Alright Pest Solutions LLC
• Alron Pest Control
• Ampulex Environmental
Solutions, LLC
• Andy's Alliance Pest Control
• Antrim Pest Control
• *Apollo Pest Control
• *Arab Termite and Pest Control
• Arnold-Wilmar Pest Solutions
• Arrest-A-Pest of Northern Ohio
• Avalon Pest Control
• Ayers Pest Mgt., LLC
• Bay Pest Control
• BCG, LLC
• Beastmaster Pest Services
• Bed Bug Burners, LLC
• Bob Seljan
• Boggs Pest Control, Inc.
• *Bona Fide Commercial Services
• Brookside Lawn Service, Inc.
• Bryan Hartley
• Buckeye Bug Blasters, LLC
• *Buckeye Exterminating, Inc.
• Budget Pest Control
• Buentello Pest Control
• Bug Off Pest Control
• Bug Zappers
Acknowledgements
Participating Companies (Surveys):
*Participated in both 2011 and 2016 surveys.
Many participants elected to remain anonymous.

Acknowledgements
• *Capital City Exterminating Co.
• Cavalry Pest Control
• CCI Wireless
• Central Exterminating Co., Inc.
• Central Ohio Exterminating
• Certified Extermination Solution
• Christensen's Urban Insect
Solutions, Inc.
• Classic Care
• *Cleveland Chemical Pest
Control, Inc.
• Clippinger Pest Control
• *Columbus Pest Control, Inc.
• Complete Termite & Pest Control
• Contact Pest Control, LLC
• Couch's Termite & Pest Control
• Crankerup Pest Control
• Critter Control of Cincinnati
• Critter Control of Lexington
• Cuyahoga Metro. Housing
Authority
• D/J Bug Away, LLC
• Dan's Pest Patrol
• David Hersh
• Dayton's Bed Bug Dog, LLC
• Dependable Pest Control
• Dick's All Be Gone Pest
Control Ltd.
• Discreet Bed Bug Removal
• *Discreet Pest Control
• Eco-Care Pest Control
• Economy Pest Control
• Ecopro Pest Solutions
• Elite Pest Management, LLC
• *Epcon Lane
• Extermital Termite & Pest Control,
Inc.
• Faith Enterprise Environmental
Services
• First Choice Pest Control
• First Choice Pest Management Co.
• Flag City Pest Control, Inc.
• Frame's Pest Control, Inc.
• Friend's Termite & Pest Control
• Frobase Horticultural Services
• Gary Benson Pest Control
• Gary L. Bauer
• Geauga Metro. Housing Authority
• Gotcha! Pest Control Specialists,
Inc.
• Grass Master, Inc.
• Great Lakes Pest Management
Services

• Hartley's Termite & Pest Control, LLC
• Hawx Pest Control
• Hixco Integrated Pest Management
• Holmes Pest Control, Inc.
• Homewood Pest Control, LLC
• *Hooper Termite & Pest Control
• House Physicians of Ohio
• Imperial Pest Control, LLC
• Innovative Pest Management, Inc.
• InspectOhio
• *Integrity Pest Solutions, LLC
• JB Vegetation & Insect Control, LLC
• John Henry's Pest Control
• Joy Exterminating Co., LLC
• Keith's Perfect Fit, LLC
• Kline Pest Control Co., Inc.
• L&S Termite and Pest Control, Inc.
• Ladybug Services, LLC
• Lakewood Exterminating
• Lawnco, Inc.
• Licking Metro. Housing
Authority
• Liechty & Sons
Exterminating
• LongPro Pest Control
• Lucky Lee's Pest Control
• Lu-Crest Pest Control
• Lutes Flying Service, Inc.
• Mauger Exterminating Co.
• *Meredith Pest Control
• Merlin's Pest Control
• Miami University
• Miami Valley Pest Control
Service
• *Michael’s Pest Control
• Midwest Termite & Pest
Control
• Moore Pest Management Co.
• Mulholland Pest Control, Inc.
• *Ohio Exterminating Co., Inc.
• Ohio Valley Pest Control
• *Orkin, LLC (mult. branches)
• Paragon Pest Elimination
• Patrick's Pest Control
• Pawnee Pest Management
• PCS Lawncare
• Pepzee Realty
• *Permakil Pest Control, Inc.
• Pesco Pest Control, LLC
• Pest Pro Pest Solutions, Inc.
• *Pest-All Exterminating
• Phelps Termite & Pest Control
• Pike Professional Pest Control
• *Precision Pest Management
• Premier Pest Control, LLC
Acknowledgements

• Prevent Pest Control
• *Pro Kill, Inc.
• Prokill Exterminating
• Redwine Pest Control
• Reliance Home Inspections
• Responsible Services
• Rid-X Pest Control, Inc.
• *Rose Pest Solutions
• RxProtect
• S.A.B. Landscaping, Inc.
• Scherzinger Termite & Pest
Control Management, LLC
• Scioto County Career Tech
• Seckman Pest Control
• Sideline Property
• *Skyhigh Termite & Pest
Control, LLC
• Snowball Pest Control
• *Speed Exterminating Co., Inc.
• SPS Pest Control, Inc.
• State Termite & Pest Solutions
• Stewart Pest Control Co.
• Stauffs Corp. DBA: Aid Pest
Control
• Sure Thing Pest Control
• T&M Pest Control, Inc.
• Terminator Services
• Terminix (multiple branches)
• Termitco
• *Terry the Bug Man
• The Bug Guy Tom
• The X-Terminator
• TNT Exterminating Co.
• Tom's Pest Control
• Tony Shultz
• Torco
• TriCity Termite
• Truly Nolen, Inc. (multiple
branches)
• Ultra Pest Control
• Universal Pest Control
• Valley Termite & Pest Control, LLC
• Vandagriff Pest Control
• Varment Guard
• Vaughn Pest Control, LLC
• Vegetation Solutions
• Vollman Pest Control
• Wells Thur-O Pest Control, Inc.
• William A Barns Trust
• Wright's Termite Pest Co.
• Yards Done Right
• Ziehler Lawn and Tree Care, LLC
Acknowledgements

Thank You!
Sleep tight,
and don’t let the …
… well, you know the rest

Bed Bug Biology/Behavior and Research Update

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