Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits an unconditioned response. Through classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually elicits the same response. For example, Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a bell by pairing the bell with food. Operant conditioning is based on the consequences of responding - whether a response is reinforced or punished influences the likelihood it will occur again in the future. Learning results from changes in behavior due to experience and reinforcement.

1. Marco Bergamini
Conditioning and Learning I:

2.  What is learning?
Is a relatively permanent change in behavior
due to experience. (Domjan, 2006)
Different types of learning:
Associative learning
Classical conditioning
A person or an animal forms a simple
association among various stimuli
and responses
Operant conditioning

3. Associative learning
 Merely repeating a response are not necessarily
produce learning.
KEYWORD: reinforcement
For example:
DOG
Any event that increases
the probability that a
particular response will
occur
Reinforce an attitude
giving him food

4.  Classical conditioning
An antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a
response is linked with one that does
 Operant conditioning
Based on the conseguence of responding
REINFORCE
PUNISHMENT

5. Classical conditioning
 At the beginning of 20° century discovered by
Pavlov
AFTER
Neutral stimulus:
Unconditioned stimulus
BELL
FIRST
FOOD
BELL
Consequence
SALIVATION

6. Operant conditioning
 Learning based on the consequences of
responding
 RESULT: Whistle  Sit up
Stimulus
Whistle
RESPONSE
Sit-up
REINFORCER
Food

7. My own
Experiment

8. Acquisition
Classical conditioningis
reinforced when the C.S
followed by an
unconditioned stimulus. This
process is called
reinforcement
Extintion
Classical Condition can be
weakened by removing
the connection and
unconditioned stimulus

9. Generalization
Discrimination
The tendency to
response to stilmuli
similar to, but not
identical to a
Conditioned
Stimulus
The learned abitility to
respond differentely
to similar stimuli and
to refuse others.

10. Classical conditioning in
Humans
Depends on
Unconditioned reflex
responses
 Example:if you touch a hot surface your hand
reflexively draws back from pain

11. Phobias
 Many phobias begin as conditional emotional
response in a precise area of the brain
amigdala
 Desensitization
by gradually exposing the
phobic person to feared
stimuli while he remains calm
and relaxed

12. Vicarious (or secondhand)
conditioning
 Conditioning can occur indirectly (when you
watch other person)
 Example: when we see somebody else who is
crashed by a car
frightened
Pay more
attention before
crossing the
street

13. Classical conditioning at the
dentist
TOOTHACHE
(unconditioned
stimulus)
FEAR REACTION
(unconditioned response)
TOOTHACHE
FEAR REACTION
DENTIST ACT
(neutral stimulus)
DENTIST ACT
(conditioned stimulus)
FEAR REACTION
(conditioned response)