Foro Soziala erakunde anitz eta pluralek batera nazioarteko erakundeekin elkarlanean burututako ekimen bat da. Haren xedea gizartearen parte-hartzea sustatzea da bake prozesua bultzatzearren.

1. Prof. Colm Campbell
Transitional Justice Institute, School of
Law, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland

2. International Trends
 Transitional justice and the democratic
state
 Northern Ireland
 Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission
 Transnational norm-diffusion. Legal norms
and ideational norms (‘peace process’)
 Increasing focus on violations by armed
opposition groups
 Increasing role of ‘bottom up’ initiatives

3. Comparative Perspectives
 The ‘Big Four’, South
Africa, Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland
and the Basque Country. Entrenched
conflict & rechstsstaat
 Transnational frame diffusion: SA  NI
 Basque Country: meso and macro
levels
 Pacto de olvido: palimpsest of the
transition from Francoism

4. Categorizing the Basque
Transition
 Ending a crime wave?
 Political shifts
 International resonance
 An open-ended process?
 The strength of the pacto de olvido
 The Garzón episode
 CAH from the civil war
 A bounded transition?

5. A bounded transition?
 Legacies from the conflict post-Franco
 Early prisoner releases
 Reconciliation initiatives
 Political unbanning (Sortu)
 Memorialization initiatives
 Initiatives on victims and survivors
 Art 3 ECHR issues (prisoner ill-treatment)
 Space and validation for bottom-up
initiatives

6. Who is a ‘victim’?
 2007 Law of Historical Memory (Spanish)
opponents of Franco recognized
 Basque decree of 2011 implementing
above includes ETA members in Franco
period
 Victims of ETA are recognized as victims in
a Spanish law of 2011
 A Basque Law of 2008 recognizes as
victims those harmed by GAL (as well as
ETA)

7. ETA violence
 The palimpsest of the past
 ETA violence under Franco
 ETA violence in the democratic period
(7-fold increase in violence in decade
after democracy)
 % of civilians killed: 37% to 65%
 Comparisons with contemporary
terrorism
 Militants as victim-perpetrators

8. Conclusions
 Strong evidence of ‘peace process’ frame
diffusion from NI and SA to the Basque
Country
 Although frayed the pacto de olvido
remains strong
 Even with the pact in place there is a
ample space for transitional moves on
prisoners, memorialization, and
reconciliation (including apologies), with
contributions both from state and non-state
actors.