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1. Relative Clauses
Upper-Intermediate Level

2. Types of relative clauses
• Non-defining
– give extra information
– add a comment
• Defining identify a person or a thing

3. Relative pronouns
We begin a relative clause with a relative
(santykinis) pronoun.
• Who
• Which
• That
• Where
• Whose
What for do we use each
relative pronoun?

4. Read the text and decide what for each relative
pronoun is used.
Ted Ingram, who is 91 years old this year,
could enter the Guiness Book of Records as
the world’s oldest paperboy. He has
delivered newspapers in the village of
Winterborn Monckton, where he lives, since
he was 23. Ted moved to the village in 1938
and got a job on a farm, where he drove a
tractor. He started delivering papers in 1942
to earn a bit more money.

5. The 91-year-old , whose wife died twelve
years ago, loves his job as it allows him
to meet the neighbours and have a chat.
During his career, which has lasted
nearly seven decades, Ted has delivered
over half a million papers. ‘I’m not a
paperboy – I’m more like a paperman!’
joked Ted, who has no plans to retire.

6. Relative pronouns
What for do we use each relative
pronoun?
• Who/whom –
• Which –
• That -
for people
for things/animals
for people/things (only in
defining clauses)
• Where –
for places
• Whose –
for possession

7. Omitting the relative pronoun in
defining clauses
1. This is the picture which/that Martin
painted last week.
This is the picture which/that Martin
painted last week.
We can omit a relative pronoun when
it is an object of a sentence (i.e. it is
followed by a noun or a pronoun).

8. Omitting the relative pronoun in
defining clauses
2. A scientist is a person who asks
questions and tries different ways to
answer them.
We cannot omit a relative pronoun
when it is a subject of a sentence, i.e.
it is followed by a verb.

9. Non-defining relative clauses
• My uncle, who is an accountant, lives in
London.
– Are always separated by commas
• They don’t clean their equipment,
which shows they don’t know what they
are doing.
– Comment is separated by comma and is
connected by relative pronoun which

10. Complete the text with who, whose, where, which
A Dream Job
It’s a job 1___ attracted over 34,000
applications from around the world. Everyone
2___ applied had to send in a 60-second
video 3___ explained why they wanted the job
and what skills they had to offer. And what
was this amazing job? Caretaker of Hamilton
Island, in the Great Barrier Reef. It’s a place
4___ it’s sunny and warm all year round, and
5___ probably has the most beautiful coral
reefs in the world.

11. Complete the text with who, whose, where, which
The person 6___ got the job had to explore
the islands nearby, and report back to the
world about their experiences. The sixteen
people 7___ videos most impressed the
employers came to Australia for an interview.
The lucky man 8___ was finally chosen for
the job was Ben Southall from the UK.

12. It’s a job 1 WHICH attracted over 34,000 applications
from around the world. Everyone 2 WHO applied had to
send in a 60-second video 3 WHICH explained why they
wanted the job and what skills they had to offer. And
what was this amazing job? Caretaker of Hamilton
Island, in the Great Barrier Reef. It’s a place 4 WHERE
it’s sunny and warm all year round, and 5 WHICH
probably has the most beautiful coral reefs in the world.
The person 6 WHO got the job had to explore the
islands nearby, and report back to the world about their
experiences. The sixteen people 7 WHOSE videos most
impressed the employers came to Australia for an
interview. The lucky man 8 WHO was finally chosen for
the job was Ben Southall from the UK.

13. Checking. Read the text, find relative pronouns
and the complete the Learn this! box
The Best Job in the World?
This is Tommy Lynch, a man whose job is to
test water-slides. It’s a job which almost
every young person would love. He travels to
holiday resorts which have waterslides, has a
go on them and reports back to travel
company where he works. There are a lot of
people who would like Tommy’s job, so his
company can expect a lot of applications
when he leaves.

14. Learn this!
Relative pronouns: who, whose, where, which
1. We use ___ for things and animals.
2. We use ___ for people.
3. We use ___ for places.
4. We use ___ to indicate possession.

15. Learn this!
Relative pronouns: who, whose, where, which
1. We use WHICH for things and
animals.
2. We use WHO for people.
3. We use WHERE for places.
4. We use WHOSE to indicate
possession.

16. Participle (reduced) relative
clauses
1. Do you know the woman who is talking to
Nick? – Do you know the woman talking
to Nick?
2. The player that was injured during the
match was our best striker. – The player
injured during the match was our best
striker.

17. Participle (reduced) relative
clauses
1. Do you know the woman who is talking to
We can reduce the woman talking
Nick? – Do you knowrelative clause
to Nick? omitting
by
the relative
2. The player that was injured during the
pronoun (who, that, which)
match was our best striker. – The player
and the auxiliary verb be
injured during the match was our best
(is/are/was/were)
striker.

18. 1. Have you seen the girl who has long curly
hair? - Have you seen the girl with long
When we talk about physical
curly hair?
characteristics who has WITH long
Have you seen the girlor possession,
curly hair? use with instead of
we can
the relative pronoun (who,
2. People which) and the auxiliary
that, who had small children boarded
the plane first. - People with small
verb have
children boarded the plane first.
People who had WITH small children
boarded the plane first.

19. Complete the second sentence using reduced
(participle) relative clause.
1. I saw a man who was wearing an FC
Barcelona football shirt.
I saw a man wearing an FC Barcelona
football shirt.
2. The new gym that was built last year is
better than the old one.
The new gym built last year is better than
the old one.

20. 3. There was a family that had five children
in the park.
There was a family with five children in
the park.
4. Can you see the car which is coming up
the road?
Can you see the car coming up the road?
5. Bill is the man who’s got blue eyes and a
warm smile.
Bill is the man with blue eyes and a warm
smile.