1. 3:00

2. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

3. Types of Weathering Physical –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically

4. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

6. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind) smooth rounded particles Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

9. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind) Smooth, rounded particles Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

11. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind) Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand Plants – roots wedge into rock and grow (expand) Exfoliation - Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

14. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind) Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand Plants – roots wedge into rock and grow (expand) Exfoliation – Freeze & Thaw causes rock to “peel” Chemical – Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

16. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

18. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition Carbonation – CO 2 + H 2 O form weak acid that dissolves limestone Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

21. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition Carbonation – CO 2 + H 2 O form weak acid that dissolves limestone Oxidation – Rust Hydration – Water dissolves mineral to clay Plant Acids – Acid Rain - =

24. Weathering the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment . Physical ( AKA – Mechanical ) – causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically Abrasion – Frost Wedging – Plants – Exfoliation - Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition Carbonation – CO 2 + H 2 O form weak acid that dissolves limestone Oxidation – Rust Hydration – Water dissolves mineral to clay Plant Acids – plants produce weak acid that dissolves rocks. Acid Rain – man-made! =

25. Physical Chemical Caves/Karst Clay Dissolved minerals (hard water) Abrasion – smooth & rounded The WEDGE Exfoliation Climate Rock Type Exposure Particle Size Time Key Vocabulary Concept Map Results in: Sediments (ESRT pg 6) Dissolved Minerals Soil (pg 6 & 7 ) Erosion (pg 8 ) Weathering 4 things that help: My Definition of Weathering Water

26. Rates of Weathering FAST SLOW Climate Temp & Moisture Cold/Warm & Dry Warm & Wet Rock Type Igneous & Metamorphic Sedimentary Shale/siltstone – conglomerate - limestone Sandstone Dolostone

27. Rates of Weathering Climate is the major factor that affects the rate of weathering

28. Rates of Weathering Due to climate and different weathering processes, landscapes develop differently. Arid Climate – angular, sharp edges, little vegetation

29. Rates of Weathering Humid Climate – soft, rounded with vegetation

30. Rock Types – cause softer, less resistant rocks to wear away , leaving harder, more resistant rocks behind. Limestone (A) is most resistant Shale (B) is least resistant Rates of Weathering

31. Rates of Weathering Carpenter Falls shows differential weathering.

32. Rates of Weathering Niagara Falls

33. Rates of Weathering FAST SLOW Exposure And TIME Underground/lesstime Above Ground Particle Size Or Surface Area Large size or less surface area Small size or more surface area

34. Rates of Weathering Particle Size – As a rock breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area increases, and therefore the rate of weathering increases .

38. Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico

39. Sinkhole - Florida

41. Formation of Caverns – pg 5 in notes Label your diagram and explain how caves form in limestone! Use a textbook – pg 310 - 311

44. Ahead to 6:25

46. Erosion by Gravity MUDSLIDE

47. Erosion by Gravity Slump Talus Slope

48. Erosion by wind

54. Deposition Particle Size vs. Stream Velocity Page 6 of ESRT

56. The Mississippi Delta

57. Deposition A delta is an example of the horizontal deposition of sediments in the water. Clay Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Evidence of Sorted Sediment

58. Deposition

59. Deposition Factors affecting Deposition: SIZE Velocity Shape Gradient Density Discharge Water Deposits Well sorted, round, smooth, graded bedding Vertical Sorting – mixed particles in order of big, medium, small due to changes in velocity Horizontal Sorting – Occurs when a stream enters a large body of water &loses velocity The settling or dropping of particles after being picked up by an agent of erosion Back to 50

60. Erosional/Depostional Systems RIVERS YOUNG OLD MATURE V shaped valley Fast Steep Straight Rapids & Waterfalls Medium slope Slight curves Medium speed Narrow floodplain Small rapids Flat Slow Lots of meanders Straight Wide floodplain & Channel

61. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers

62. The bends in a stream’s channel are called meanders Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers

63. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers Arial Map View of a stream Channel

64. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers At the outside of the curve, the stream velocity increases , therefore erosion occurs. At the inside of the curve, the stream velocity decreases , therefore deposition occurs.

65. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers Deposition Erosion

66. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers Formation of Oxbow Lake – the work of erosion and deposition Oxbow Formation Part 1 Part 2 – Why?

69. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers

70. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers Continental Glacier GLACIERS Features: Alpine Glacier Unsorted, loose deposits Ground up rock flour or glacial till Moraines U-shape Valleys Kettle lakes, drumlins, outwash plains Erratics – large boulders that don’t match the natural bedrock Moved from the north (pole) to the south Move downhill!

72. Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers During Glaciation Post - Glaciation Holy Goodness – it’s a U shape valley!

73. The Work of Waves The most important agent shaping coastal landforms is wave action. And WHY do you need to know this? – because Long Island is in NYS!

81. SPIT

82. Long Point, Lake Erie, Canada Long Shore Current

83. Rip Currents

84. Oregon Inlet – Nags Head, NC

86. During these times the beach tends to erode more and the sand is carried back into the ocean. There it is usually deposited as underwater bars parallel to the shore.

87. If these sand bars rise above the average sea level winds will help to pile up sediment. When vegetation begins to grow and stabilize the offshore sediment pile, a barrier island is created.

88. Outer Banks, NC – Barrier Islands

89. Hatteras – Ocracoke Island, NC Pamlico Sound (Land Side) Atlantic Ocean – Sea Side Barrier Island

91. The Problem????

96. Landscape Region MOUNTAINS: Elevation: HIGH Slope: STEEP Common Rock Type: IGNEOUS/Metamorphic Unique Features: Rapids/waterfalls, steep gorges

100. Landscape Region PLATEAU: Elevation: Slope: Common Unique Rock Type: Features: HIGH Elevation Flat Sedimentary Canyons LOW relief

102. Landscape Region LOWLANDS (PLAINS): Elevation: LOW Slope: FLAT Common Rock Type: Sedimentary Unique Features: Found along lakes/shorelines and rivers

103. Humans Tectonic Forces Climate Time Crustal Materials Humid LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT ARID 97

104. Tectonics Tectonic activity is an “earth-building” activity

105. Folding and Faulting

106. Folding and Faulting Folding is the process that bends and twists rocks, usually due to compression Faulting is the process where rocks move past each other along a fracture 82

107. Landscape Development The Niagara escarpment is the exposed edge of a large scale syncline (geosyncline). = Limestone and Dolostone

108. Landscape Development In Ontario, the Niagara Escarpment has been formed by differential erosion. = Limestone Hard!

109. Landscape Development Where rivers cross the escarpment, waterfalls may be formed by undercutting .

110. Some QUITE Spectacular!