This document discusses the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing in agriculture. It defines GIS as a system used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geospatial data to support decision making. The key components of GIS are described as hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Remote sensing is defined as the non-contact recording of electromagnetic spectrum information using sensors from platforms like aircraft or satellites, and analyzing the data using image processing. Common applications of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture include crop mapping and monitoring, soil analysis, and precision farming.

1. Duration: ~ 1.25 hour GIS Remote Sensing Application
Application of GIS and Remote
Sensing in Agriculture
-Dinesh Bishwakarma
(Geomatics Engineering Student)
www.dineshbishwakarma.com.np
mylife.dinesh08@gmail.com
+977-9844995572

2. GIS
G
I
S
= Geographic
= Information
= System
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3. What is GIS ?
GIS is defined as an information system that is used to input , store , retrieve ,
manipulate, analyse and output geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in
order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural
resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative
records.
Tabler’s First Law of Geography
“Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant
things.”
Eg : Temperature , Nutrients in Soil , Elevations
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4. Components of GIS
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The different components of GIS are as follows :
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. People
5. Methods

5. Components of GIS
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1. Hardware
The hardware component may comprise of any type of
computer platform, including relatively modest personal
computers to high performance workstations. In addition to
the standard input , storage and output devices, specialist
peripherials are required for data input (eg scanners,
digitizers and tape drives), data output (e.g. plotters or
printers) and sometimes data storage (e.g CD-ROMS,
external hard disk, networks) and data processing.
Hardware is the computer system on which the GIS
operates.

6. Components of GIS
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2. Software
The software component of GIS includes the
program and the user interface for driving the
hardware. GIS software can range from a simple
package designed for a PC and costing a few
hundred dollars, to a major industrial-strength
workhorse designed to serve an entire enterprise of
networked computers, and costing thousands of
dollars. The software component consists of set of
prgrams to input data, store data, operate the data
and produce the results. The GIS software that are
commonly used are Arc GIS, QGIS, Envy, GRASS GIS
etc.
Proprietary GIS
- ArcGIS, GeoMedia, Maptitude
- User have to buy license.
- Only the employee of the company can modify.
Open Source GIS
- QGIS ,GRASS GIS, gvSIG
- They are free of cost.
- Anyone can contribute to make the GIS

7. Components of GIS
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3. Data
• Vector Data
A representation of the world using points, lines,
and polygons. These data are created by digitizing
the base data. They store information in x, y
coordinates. Vectors models are used to store data,
which have discrete boundaries like country borders,
land parcels and roads. Vector models are useful for
storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as
country borders, land parcels, and streets.
• Raster Data
Raster data stores information of features in cell-
based manner. Satellite images, photogrammetry
and scanned maps are all raster-based data. Raster
models are used to store data, which varies
continuously as in aerial photography, a satellite
image or elevation values (DEM- Digital Elevation
Model).
• MetaData
- Metadata are the set of data that describes and gives information about other data.

8. Components of GIS
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9. Components of GIS
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4. People
a. Developers
b. Super Users
c. Normal Users
d. End Users

10. Components of GIS
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4. Methods
GIS consists of several functional
components – components which support
key GIS functions. These are data capture
and preparation, data storage, data
analysis, and presentation of spatial data.
GIS consists of several functional
components – components which support
key GIS functions. These are data capture
and preparation, data storage, data
analysis, and presentation of spatial data.
Fig Workflow of GIS

11. Coordinate System
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and
observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.
Types of Coordinate System:
• Geographic Coordinate System
A geographic coordinate system is a three-dimensional reference system
that locates points on the Earth's surface. The unit of measure is usually
decimal degrees. A point has two coordinate values: latitude and longitude.
Latitude and longitude measure angles.
• Projected Coordinate System
A projected coordinate system is defined on a flat, two-dimensional surface.
In a projected coordinate system, locations are identified by x,y coordinates
on a grid, with the origin at the center of the grid. Each position has two
values that reference it to that central location. One specifies its horizontal
position and the other its vertical position. The two values are called the x-
coordinate and y-coordinate. Using this notation, the coordinates at the
origin are x = 0 and y = 0.

12. Projection System
A projection is the means by which you display the coordinate system and your data on a flat surface, such
as a piece of paper or a digital screen. Mathematical calculations are used to convert the coordinate system
used on the curved surface of earth to one for a flat surface. Since there is no perfect way to transpose a
curved surface to a flat surface without some distortion, many different map projections exist that provide
different properties. Some preserve shape, while some preserve distance. Others preserve area or direction.

14. Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the non contact recording of the information from the ultraviolet, visible,
infrared and microwave region of electromagnetic spectrum by the means of instruments
such as sensor, camera, laser, linear arrays and area arrays located on platform such as
aircraft or spacecraft, and the analysis of acquired information by the means of visible and
digital image processing.

15. Principle of Remote Sensing
Interaction of EMR with Earth’s Surface
Radiation from the sun, when incident upon the
earth’s surface, is either reflected by the surface,
transmitted into the surface or absorbed and
emitted by the surface (Fig. 3). The EMR, on
interaction, experiences a number of changes in
magnitude, direction, wavelength, polarization
and phase. These changes are detected by the
remote sensor and enable the interpreter to
obtain useful information about the object of
interest. The remotely sensed data contain both
spatial information (size, shape and orientation)
and spectral information (tone, colour and
spectral signature).

16. Source of Remotely Sensed Data
Sources of Remotely Sensed Data
• USGS Earth Explorer
• RemotePixel.ca
• ESA’s Sentinel data
• NASA Earth Data
• GLOVIS

17. Application of Remote Sensing
• Agriculture
Crop type classification
Crop condition assessment
Crop yield estimation
Mapping of soil characteristics
Precision Farming
• Forestry
Forest stands
Forest cover type discrimination
Biomass estimation
• Geology
Hydrocarbon exploration
Geo-hazard mapping
Lithological Mapping
https://map.onesoil.ai/

20. Any Queries ?
Goto : gis-training.dineshbishwakarma.com.np
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