Incident prevention is important for legal, human rights, and business reasons. Top management must lead in establishing an occupational safety and health policy and providing organization and resources to implement it. Incidents have multiple causes that can be traced to a lack of management control, and preventing incidents through continuous improvement benefits workers and saves significant costs compared to insuring accidents. Effective OSH management requires principles like ensuring training and active employee involvement, and recognizing that all injuries are preventable through a safety-focused work environment and culture.

1. INCIDENT PREVENTION
SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SHEP)

2. Principles of Incident Prevention
1. Incident prevention is good
management
2. Management and workers must fully
cooperate
3. Top management must lead
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation and resources
to implement policy
6. Best available information (and
technology) must be applied
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3. What Is An Incident ?
An incident is:
– An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence
of events
– That occurs through a combination of causes
– Which result in:
• Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an
individual,
• Damage to property,
• A near-miss, a loss
• Any combination of these effects.
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4. Why Prevent Incidents?
Legal
Human Rights
Business
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5. Heinrich’s Domino Theory 1930’s
Five Stage Sequence
5
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury
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6. Bird’s Loss Causation Model (1974)
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8. Lack of Management Control
Management responsible for:
– Selection of workers
– Machinery and equipment
– System of work
– Information and training
– Supervision, etc
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9. Multiple Causes Of Accidents
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.
9
Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B
(Not look where going)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Accident
(Trip)
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10. Total Loss Approach
Under Total Loss Approach, accidents also
include every event involving damage to
property, plant, products or environment,
production losses, or increased liabilities.
The Total Loss Approach emphasises
learning from both accidents and incidents
to achieve effective control by controlling
the underlying causes.
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11. The Accident Pyramid
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TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
400 Near misses
80 Property
50 First aid
3 Lost days
1 Fatal / Serious injury
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12. Accepted Accident Theory
Multiple Causation Theory
– A single unsafe act or condition may or may
not cause an accident but both are caused
by lack of management control.
Bird Loss Causation Model
– In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of quality
control.
Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
– Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream control
and worker participation.
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13. ACCIDENT ICEBERG
THE INSURED COSTS
 – Covering injury,ill
health,damage…
 THE HIDDEN UNINSURED COSTS – ( 8
to 36 times as much as insured costs
)
 Product and material damage /
Plant and building damage / Tool
and equipment damage / Legal
costs / Expenses on emergency first
aid supplies / Overtime work /
Temporary labour / Investigation
time…..REPUTATION
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14. Incident Prevention Costs
 DESIGN COSTS
(e.g to install machine
guards)
 OPERATIONAL COSTS
(training costs, PPE,
etc.)
 SAFE GUARDING THE
FUTURE COSTS (health
surveillance, audits etc)
TOPI
KESELAMATAN
KESELAMATAN
MATA
KESELAMATAN
PARU-PARU
KESELAMATAN
TELINGA
KESELAMATAN
TANGAN
KESELAMATAN
KAKI
14

15. Typical Principles Of OSH
Management
1.All injuries and
occupational illnesses are
preventable.
2.Management is directly
responsible for doing this.
3.Safety is a condition of
employment.
4.Training is required.
5.Safety audits and
inspections must be
carried out.
6.Deficiencies must be
corrected promptly.
7. All unsafe practices,
incidents and injury
accidents will be
investigated.
8. Safety away from work is
as important as safety at
work
9. Incident prevention is
cost-effective; the
highest cost is human
suffering.
10. Employees must be
actively involved
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