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Overcoming speed bumps on
the road to telematics
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with
and without usage-based programs
A research report by the Deloitte Center for Financial Services
Sam Friedman is the insurance research leader at Deloitte’s Center for Financial Services in New
York. He joined Deloitte in 2010 after a three-decade career as a business journalist, most promi-
nently as group editor-in-chief of property-casualty insurance publications, websites, and events
for National Underwriter, where he published an award-winning blog and magazine column. At
Deloitte, his research has explored consumer behavior and preferences in auto, home, life, and small
business insurance. Additional studies have examined how financial services providers might more
effectively help individuals finance their retirements, as well as the potential for greater privatization
of federal flood insurance.
Michelle Canaan is a manager with the Deloitte Center for Financial Services in New York. With a
background in the financial services industry, Canaan joined Deloitte’s Capital Markets practice in
November 2000. Over the past 10 years, she has served as a subject matter specialist for Deloitte’s
Market Intelligence group, with a focus on the insurance sector. She produces insurance-related
thoughtware for the organization’s insurance practice as well as for external audiences.
About the authors
Overview: Have we reached a point of no return on telematics? | 2
Creating a niche: How big is the market for UBI products? | 4
Overcoming roadblocks: How might insurers differentiate themselves
with telematics? | 10
The numbers game: Telematics depends on gaining actionable
insights | 13
Addressing oversight concerns: Regulators on board with telematics,
but for how long? | 17
Next steps: Where should insurers go from here? | 19
Added insight: Taking telematics beyond auto insurance | 22
Added insight: Telematics goes global, but speed bumps
remain | 24
Endnotes | 25
Acknowledgements | 26
Contacts | 27
Contents
Overview
Have we reached a point of no
return with telematics?
Personal auto carriers are rapidly
approaching a moment of truth when it
comes to usage-based insurance (UBI) pro-
grams, in which a driver’s behavior is moni-
tored via a telematics device. That goes both
for insurers that have already launched such
products, as well as those that have remained
on the sidelines for a variety of reasons.
Early adopters of UBI are gaining a wealth
of first-hand experience and insights that
stand to provide a long-lasting competitive
edge against insurers that until now have been
undecided about whether or when to follow
suit, as well as those either unwilling or unable
to do so. These trailblazers are rapidly collect-
ing a critical mass of data that can be ana-
lyzed to reveal driver behaviors that provide
a basis for greater precision in underwriting
and pricing.
For example, current rating methods
would likely rate two drivers identically if they
had the same credit scores, automobiles, and
demographics and lived in areas with similar
geographic profiles. However, what if we knew
through telematics observation that one of the
insured persons drives his/her car one-tenth
as much as the other, or at less risky times
of the day? In that case, an insurer would be
in a position to potentially leverage this new
experiential information and underwrite
the respective risks posed by the two driv-
ers differently, as well as price their coverage
more accurately.
Having such first-hand driving data at their
underwriters’ disposal could give existing UBI
carriers a considerable leg up over those not
using telematics, should the non-users remain
on the sidelines for long. For example, stan-
dard carriers could lose profitable policyhold-
ers who are cherry-picked by UBI-capable
insurers that have acquired the capability to
discern driver risk more granularly. Trying
to catch up with the frontrunners in the UBI
race is also likely to be costly—even more so
as time goes on and the early birds get a bigger
head start.
Of course, early adopters still face many
challenges in executing a viable telemat-
ics program. For one, widespread consumer
acceptance is no certainty, given privacy
concerns for some and skepticism among
others as to whether having their driving so
closely scrutinized will benefit them in the
end, or perhaps even be used against them
in a number of ways—and not just by their
auto insurer. Indeed, a January 2014 survey
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
2
by the Deloitte Center for Financial Services
exploring consumer use of mobile devices in
financial services reveals that about half of the
overall driving population is not open to the
idea of UBI—at least for the moment.1
In addition, while regulators have been
supportive in the early stages of telematics
development, down the road their acceptance
may depend on a number of factors, including
the eventual impact on rates for those who fail
to meet whatever standards are attributed to
“less risky” drivers. There may also be regula-
tory resistance if drivers face higher prices just
because they choose not to be monitored, for
whatever reason.
In this report, we’ll
explore these and
a number of other
important consid-
erations for carriers
that have jumped in
and made a splash
in the UBI market.
But we’ll also address
the concerns of those
who have not yet
taken this path but are
interested in doing so,
offering a heads-up
about potential speed
bumps on the road to
creating telematics-
based products.
For example, we’ll
examine how carriers
interested in following
the UBI leaders—but
lacking the data, expertise, and/or capabilities
to create their own telematics program—might
leverage the services of third-party data aggre-
gators to level the playing field when going
up against much bigger competitors with far
deeper pools of information at their disposal.
Last but not least, we’ll explore how non-
UBI carriers might compete against those
offering telematics-based pricing and services.
Wherever a carrier stands on the subject,
we may have already reached the point of no
return when it comes to telematics and UBI.
The genie is out of the bottle. The industry as a
whole is not likely to go back to relying only on
its traditional methods of assessing auto risks.
A growing number of carriers will likely adopt
behavioral-based telematics as a way to at least
supplement traditional underwriting factors.
Indeed, before too long the use of sensory
technologies that permit behavioral underwrit-
ing by insurers is likely to be expanded beyond
auto insurance into
homeowners, life
and health cover-
ages, and perhaps
even non-auto
commercial lines
as well, such as
workers’ compensa-
tion. Smart homes,
biometric monitor-
ing, wearable tech-
nologies, and the
Internet of Things
are all developing
trends that could
support and acceler-
ate such initiatives.
But even if UBI
is merely part of the
natural evolution
of auto insurance
underwriting in an
increasingly data-driven age, carriers of all
stripes will likely need a strategy to respond
to those that embrace telematics. Some will
decide to go along for the ride, while the rest
will have to figure out alternative routes to
survive and prosper.
The genie is out
of the bottle. The
industry as a whole
is not likely to go
back to relying only
on its traditional
methods of assessing
auto risks.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
3
Creating a new niche
How big is the market for UBI products?
Survey reveals three basic
consumer segments
For a variety of reasons, UBI programs
based on telematics data-gathering will
probably not be for every driver. Indeed, our
general hypothesis that only certain segments
will permit their driving to be monitored by
insurers was validated by Deloitte’s recent
survey, which examined mobile technology
experience, perceptions, and expectations
among financial services consumers. The
survey, conducted in January 2014, drew 2,193
respondents representing a wide variety of
demographic groups, broken down by age and
income, split evenly in terms of gender.
Respondents were asked about their
willingness to be monitored by auto insur-
ers through an app on their smartphone, as
opposed to having to install an additional piece
of equipment into their vehicle, or having a car
in which such equipment was already included
by the manufacturer.
While most drivers who have signed up for
telematics programs are currently monitored
by a special device that’s part of their vehicle,
going forward it’s likely that such technology
could be largely displaced by a mobile app.
Not only would the use of smartphones for
telematics monitoring lower insurer costs for
device distribution and retrieval as well as data
transmission, the technology would also enable
consumers to get more immediate feedback.
The survey identified three distinct groups
among respondents when asked whether they
would agree to allow an insurer to track their
driving experience through their mobile device
if it meant they would be eligible for premium
discounts based on their performance (figure
1). They were:
•	 Eager beavers: Over one in four said they
would allow such monitoring, without
stipulating any specific minimum discount
in return.
•	 Fence sitters: The same percentage of
respondents were a bit more cautious,
noting they might get on board with UBI
if the price was right, given a high enough
discount to make it worth their while.
•	 Naysayers: A little less than half said
they would not be interested in hav-
ing their driving monitored under
any circumstances.
Among those who were open to the idea of
telematics monitoring, about one in five expect
a discount of 10 percent or less, with the vast
majority anticipating 6 to 10 percent (figure 2).
About half expect between 11 and 20 percent
(with 27 percent anticipating between 11 and
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
4
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figure 1. How open are drivers to having their behavior monitored?
Percentage of those who would allow driving to be tracked via mobile device
26%
47%
27%
Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figure 2. How much do UBI policyholders expect to save on auto insurance?
31%
23%
27%
16%
3%
Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored
1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20%
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
5
15 percent), while nearly one-third think they
would be entitled to discounts over 20 percent.
When broken down by various demo-
graphic factors, age was the biggest differentia-
tor (figure 3). Nearly two-thirds of respondents
aged 21–29 were willing to give UBI a go,
compared to only 44 percent of those 60 or
older. More than twice as many in the 21–29
age category than in the 60-or-older group
(35 versus 15 percent) said yes to telematics
without stipulating a particular discount. This
trend was somewhat less pronounced but still
significant when comparing respondents under
30 to those in the 46–59 segment, among
whom only 24 percent would allow monitoring
with no stipulated discount.
Younger respondents were also less likely
to expect a discount of over 20 percent—26
percent of the under-30 crowd compared to
38 percent of those aged 46–59 (figure 4). This
could be because fewer older consumers are
open to the idea of monitoring in the first place
(perhaps out of “Big Brother” concerns, or the
fact that they did not grow up in a fully Web-
connected environment), and therefore would
demand a bigger financial incentive before
allowing an insurer to monitor their driving.
Or it could be that the older segment, making
more money on average than the youngest seg-
ment, is less likely to be won over by a rela-
tively small discount—at least in dollar terms.
Income was not a differentiating factor,
which was surprising considering that one
might expect those with less discretionary
funds to place more emphasis on how much
they would save on their auto insurance
premiums by signing on to a UBI program.
Yet, only about 30 percent of both the highest
(above $100,000) and lowest (below $50,000)
income groups surveyed said the size of the
discount would determine whether they would
allow their driving to be monitored (figure 5).
Expectations about the size of the discount in
return for signing on were also similar across
income segments (figure 6).
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding.
Figure 3. Age is a factor in openness toward telematics
Allowing driving behavior to be monitored based on potential for premium discount (by age)
21–29 30–45 46–59 60 or older
35% 31%
24%
15%
38% 41% 51% 56%
27% 29% 25% 29%
Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
6
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding.
Figure 4. Younger drivers would generally expect a lower telematics discount
Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by age)
1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20%
21–29 30–45 46–59 60 or older
15%
27%32%
25%
26%
22%
5%
15%
4%
29%
28%
1%
13%
1%
19%
38%
25%
30%
21%
23%
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding.
Figure 5. Income not a big differentiator in telematics acceptance
Allowing driving behavior to be monitored based on potential for premium discount (by income)
Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount
$25,000–$49,999 $50,000–$74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000 or more
29%
47%
23% 23%
26%
51%
26%
29%
45%
29%
28%
43%
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
7
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding.
Figure 6. Discount expectations similar despite income differences
Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by income)
$25,000–$49,999 $50,000–$74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000 or more
1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20%
15%
24%
15% 15%
28%
26% 21%
3% 3% 3% 2%
21%
31%34%33%
23%
29%
30%
20%
27%
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Figure 7. Gender gap seen in telematic discount expectations
Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by gender)
Male Female
1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20%
18% 15%
25%
24%
34%
31%
20%
28%
3% 2%
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
8
However, given the fact that higher-income
consumers are generally considered potentially
more valuable to insurers, seeing a significant
segment of that coveted group open to the
idea of UBI without worrying about the size
of the discount could be a positive factor for
telematics marketers.
While gender did not make a major dif-
ference in whether a respondent would allow
insurers to monitor their driving, women did
generally expect a higher discount for doing
so (figure 7), with 59 percent anticipating a
rate break of 16 percent or higher (including
34 percent who expect more than 20 percent)
compared to 48 percent among men (with 28
percent looking for a discount of 20 percent or
higher).
What are the implications?
Looking at the big picture, with nearly half
of the respondents in this survey indicating
that UBI is not for them, a bifurcated mar-
ket may eventually develop, with those who
choose to be monitored representing a separate
class of drivers who are underwritten in a dif-
ferent way, supplementing at first and perhaps
later supplanting traditional pricing factors. In
the end, serving the “naysayers” may become a
specialty market niche for some carriers.
Still, this research, along with our inter-
views with insurer executives and media
reports of UBI programs being tested or rolled
out across the country appears to indicate that
there is indeed a significant consumer segment
ready, willing, and able to at least test-drive
telematics-based auto insurance programs.
But that doesn’t mean the road to achieving
growth and profitability through telematics
is without speed bumps, potholes, and other
potential hazards.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
9
Navigating the obstacle course
Insurers looking to make UBI part of their
product line must first convince consum-
ers it’s worth their while to take the plunge
and allow their driving to be monitored.
Then, to retain those UBI accounts, carriers
need to convince customers that monitoring
benefits them and that the insurer’s particular
telematics services somehow sets it apart from
the competition.
As mentioned earlier, to get drivers into
telematics monitoring programs, the initial
lure is usually a lower premium charge. Many
UBI programs today provide a discount based
only on participation rather than on actual
performance, as carriers look to collect a
critical mass of data and determine how to
effectively leverage it for predictive model-
ing purposes. Conceptually a portion of this
discount is an incentive to sign up for a UBI
program, as well as the cost of purchasing the
consumer’s telematics data—a quid pro quo to
compensate the buyer for allowing their driv-
ing to be monitored, thus providing valuable
information to the insurer.
But as insurers build large, statistically and
actuarially credible UBI data sets, it’s likely that
price cuts will have to eventually be earned
based on actual driving experience and the
correlations to losses that carriers discover
during this early phase of telematics. Indeed, as
the market matures we are starting to see some
carriers pushing the discount to the end of the
first policy term (in contrast with initial enroll-
ment), or attempting to offer value-added
services in lieu of an upfront discount in an
effort to balance the cost of the program while
giving consumers a perceived benefit that will
still entice them to take part.
First-movers may sacrifice some margin in
the initial stages of telematics, with discounts
being part of the acquisition cost to enroll a
new policyholder or gather additional data
from an existing policyholder. But over the
course of a driver’s multi-year relationship with
the insurer, the end game becomes clearer.
If the driver heeds the safety tips received
from the insurer based on their monitored
driving behavior, loss costs may eventually
decline, retention could increase, and margins
might improve. In addition, the data gathered
from telematics could help insurers improve
segmentation, underwriting, and pricing
accuracy, which in the end may also bolster
profit margins.
In the early stages of telematics, first-
movers have an opportunity to increase their
market share by offering discounted coverage.
However, once there is “saturation”—that is, as
Overcoming roadblocks
How might insurers differentiate
themselves with telematics?
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
10
the market adoption of all policyholders who
are likely to opt into telematics nears comple-
tion— it is unlikely that UBI insurers can grow
their business by selling telematics based on
price discounts alone.
Therefore, to differentiate their UBI offer-
ings and boost retention of their better risks,
carriers will likely have to offer more value-
added, telematics-based services (as outlined
below). This is the stage in which insurers can
start de-commoditizing their product and dif-
ferentiating themselves from their rivals.
Moving beyond a price focus
While the availability of a discounted
premium may be important to achieve initial
consumer adoption, as UBI moves beyond its
nascent stage, telematics offers the potential
to create a whole new level of engagement by
allowing for a much more frequent, mutually
beneficial customer experience. That’s the holy
grail for insurers—establishing brand sticki-
ness by offering ongoing value to policyhold-
ers beyond the price charged for coverage and
claim service provided.
To differentiate themselves with telematics,
UBI carriers are already becoming part of a
policyholder’s daily life by offering a number of
value-added features, including:
•	 Providing immediate feedback on how
customers could drive more safely
•	 Alerting drivers about potentially hazard-
ous road conditions or traffic slowdowns
•	 Facilitating roadside assistance and or claim
notification in case of an accident
•	 Locating lost or stolen vehicles
•	 Geo-fencing to allow parents to monitor
a teenager’s location and driving behavior
(The same service could be offered to those
concerned about elderly drivers)
Additional niche markets could be tar-
geted with specialized telematics services—for
example, the ability to monitor how “green” a
driver is by measuring the impact of driving
behavior on their carbon footprint.
Carriers might also consider co-marketing
location-based mobile services with other
providers, such as towing, auto repair, and car
washes. They might also incorporate non-
vehicle-related service options such as alerts
about nearby restaurants and retail outlets—
perhaps in conjunction with points earned
by good driving behavior in loyalty programs
or through gamification, which could be
redeemed at participating vendors.
Making insurance “fun”
with telematics
Gamification—the application of gaming
concepts to a broader commercial experi-
ence—might also leverage telematics to spur
consumer loyalty among policyholders.
Insurers could provide rewards for improve-
ments in driving behavior, relative to their own
performance as well as against the broader
policyholder pool, certain segments, or even
specific groups of individuals. Insurers could
thereby use telematics to make the customer
experience more interactive, competitive,
gratifying, and perhaps even fun—certainly
not an attribute traditionally associated
with insurance.
A big part of “gamifying” insurance would
be to provide incentives for behavior that
prevents losses, thereby generating value for
insureds and carriers throughout the policy
year. This would make insurance more of a
proactive, prevention-driven engagement,
rather than a reactive, price-driven commod-
ity. The goal is to create value for both car-
rier and consumer while engendering greater
loyalty come renewal time.
Such incentives could go beyond price dis-
counts granted on the coverage itself. Indeed,
“players” in the insurance “game” could earn
loyalty points based on telematics monitor-
ing, if they drive in a way that limits risk and
prevents losses. For example, carriers could set
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
11
up a weekly or monthly driving competition
for a family or among friends insured by the
same company (which could perhaps provide
an incentive for policyholders to refer others to
their carrier).
The points earned could be directly traded
not only for traditional insurance benefits,
such as lower deductibles or higher limits, but
to leverage affinity relationships, such as auto
repairs, car washes, detailing, gas discounts, or
other perks.
Through gamification, insurers might estab-
lish an ongoing, mutually beneficial relation-
ship with policyholders rather than relying
on price or claims service alone to compete.
Consumers might be less tempted to change
carriers at renewal based on a somewhat lower
price offered by a competitor, if it means hav-
ing to surrender the loyalty points they have
built up, as well as no longer being able to play
the particular “insurance game” offered by
their provider.
This approach might especially appeal
to drivers younger than 40, since they are
already more apt to play games on their mobile
devices. This also happens to be a more volatile
consumer segment than older drivers when it
comes to their proclivity to change auto carri-
ers, as our research into personal lines con-
sumers has revealed.2
Overcoming privacy concerns
One potential source of resistance to the
notion of sharing so much personal driving
data with insurers could be concerns about
privacy. Some may shy away from UBI simply
because they are not comfortable with a virtual
backseat driver watching their every move
behind the wheel. Others might be worried
that hackers or those who steal or find their
lost phones may be able to access, for their
own nefarious purposes, where and when UBI
policyholders are driving.
Those put off by the concept of monitor-
ing may be solidly in the “naysayer” camp.
However, those who don’t oppose the idea of
monitoring in theory but fear data privacy
breaches could perhaps be reassured by
full disclosure of the cyber-security mea-
sures, privacy policies, and end-user license
agreements put in place by the insurer and/
or any third parties holding personally
identifiable information.
Others may be concerned that their data
might someday be seized by more official
channels, including law enforcement or private
litigators seeking someone’s driving history for
criminal or civil actions. These concerns might
be alleviated by putting them in context—for
example, by pointing out the multitude of
other technologies already in play to monitor
driving, including “black boxes” installed by
the manufacturer, the proliferation of traffic
cameras, and even the data collected by their
own smartphones just by being turned on,
beyond any telematics insurance application.
Enhanced surveillance and/or geo-loca-
tional capabilities are part of the world we live
in now, for better or worse. But on the whole,
UBI carriers can emphasize that telematics
offers enough potential advantages to drivers
to make the product worthwhile in spite of
privacy considerations.
Still, our survey examining consumer use
of mobile technology for financial services
found a significant segment, especially among
younger respondents, open to trading personal
data for some sort of value proposition. This
is increasingly common in other industries,
particularly among online retailers who ana-
lyze shopping patterns to recommend related
products or services, as well as search engines
that sell advertising based on the same sort of
personal data mining.
Long term, to gain widespread adoption
insurers will likely have to engage in proactive
communication and education—specifically
making clear what’s in it for the consumer
when it comes to sharing personal driving hab-
its. If the potential gain is significant enough
and they believe their data is relatively secure,
more consumers will likely be willing to make
the trade-off, despite any lingering concerns
about personal privacy or cyber security.
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
12
Challenge No. 1:
Collecting the data
Beyond what policyholders will require in
the form of discounts to initially par-
ticipate, the ability of insurers to collect and
correlate telematics data economically and
effectively will be a key factor in determining
the fate of UBI programs. What must carri-
ers do to write such products profitably? How
might smaller companies compete against the
industry’s data-rich giants? What data-mining
insights will insurers have to achieve to make
the most of the real-time driving information
they gather?
Collection of data for UBI has tradition-
ally depended upon the willingness (and
sometimes the ability) of policyholders to
plug monitoring devices into their vehicle’s
on-board diagnostic system. The cost of such
equipment is covered by the insurer, as are data
transmission charges.
More recently, manufacturers have often
been including platforms in their vehicles
that allow for telematics transmissions, but at
the moment such systems lack standardiza-
tion, and it will likely take several years for
this capability to be included in a meaning-
ful percentage of vehicles, given the pace of
fleet turnover. These factors make relying on
devices installed in the vehicle itself a prob-
lematic option for UBI carriers, at least in the
short run.
Going forward, however, it’s more likely for
a number of reasons that insurers will increas-
ingly monitor policyholders’ driving experi-
ence via their smartphones.3
Such a move
could help overcome consumer concerns about
test-driving a telematics program, since they
are being asked to just download an app rather
than install a new piece of equipment into
their vehicle. In addition, drivers can receive
real-time feedback on their behavior through
mobile devices.
From the insurer’s perspective, a move to
mobile would eliminate the cost of installing a
proprietary monitoring device in the vehicle,
as well as expenses for data transmission,
making the implementation of UBI programs
more economical. And since the app resides on
what is, in effect, a mini-computer, initial data
processing can be done on the device itself.
Insurers may also benefit because a mobile
app gathers first-hand data on the behavior
and performance of the driver carrying the
smartphone, rather than the more traditional
auto underwriting focus on the vehicle being
driven. These are not mutually exclusive
approaches. Indeed, monitoring of drivers
together with more standard criteria about the
The numbers game
Telematics depends on gaining actionable insights
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
13
vehicle are complementary efforts that could
help create a 360-degree view of the total expo-
sure being underwritten by insurers.
Challenge No. 2: Achieving
a critical mass of data
Once it’s decided how to go about monitor-
ing a policyholder’s driving, the next step is to
determine what kinds of data insurers should
be collecting. Traditional underwriting models
have depended upon a number of sources
for correlated predictors of loss, including
some directly related to driving (such as miles
driven, accident history, and traffic violations)
and others that serve as a proxy, including
age, marital status, and insurance-based credit
scores.4
The proxy factors have at times been
challenged for validity, with the use of credit
scores in auto underwriting turning out to be
particularly controversial, prompting legisla-
tive and regulatory restrictions in a number
of states.
With UBI, however, insurers can monitor
policyholder behavior directly, recording the
times, locations, and road conditions when
they drive, whether they rapidly acceler-
ate or drive at high or even excessive speeds,
how hard they brake, as well as how rapidly
they make turns and whether they use their
turn signals.
Insurers will need to collect a substantial
volume of such data to achieve a critical mass
in order to identify potential correlations and
create predictive models that produce reliable
underwriting and pricing decisions. Bigger
carriers that have already launched UBI pro-
grams have the advantage of sheer numbers,
in terms of the amount of data they can gather
in a relatively short time. Smaller insurers,
however, are likely not going to be able to col-
lect a sufficient volume or spread of data on
their own with their existing customers, which
could discourage such carriers from entering
the telematics market.
One way to clear this hurdle may be to
work in concert with other carriers and
third-party organizations. In this collabora-
tive model, a group of insurers could pool
their telematics data for broader insight and
share the resulting telematics insurance score,
as they do now for underwriting purposes
when it comes to claims data. This could allow
smaller companies access to a much wider and
deeper data base than they could generate indi-
vidually, while restricting access to personally
identifiable information beyond that of their
own policyholders.
Eventually, this path could allow smaller
insurers to compete on a more level playing
field with their bigger rivals, rather than having
to concede the telematics field to the industry’s
giants by default.
For the moment, telematic data-gathering
is a fractured process, with each carrier using
its own information in isolation. One day, such
data might be shared industry-wide through
bureaus, as claims information and insurance-
based credit scores are now. This could prevent
UBI consumers who exhibit less than optimal
driving behavior from simply moving on
with a clean slate to a new carrier—with or
without a UBI option—that is unaware of any
reckless driving behavior recorded by their
prior insurer.
For now, however, most carriers, acting on
their own, would likely require over five years
to gather an adequate amount of driving data
to run a viable UBI program. That’s where
data pools and bureaus can make an impact,
especially since the key differentiator for UBI
is not in how they collect the data, but in how
well they analyze and correlate it to make
more precise underwriting and pricing deci-
sions. Getting involved with such cooperative
arrangements early on can therefore provide an
advantage to carriers entering the UBI market
over those going it alone, given the wider array
of telematic data at their disposal.
Meanwhile, those carriers big enough to
collect a sufficient volume of data on their
own might benefit from access to a broader
pool of driving experience, rather than bas-
ing their underwriting and pricing decisions
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
14
solely on their own policyholder information.
Benchmarking a carrier’s particular experience
against a larger data set could validate their in-
house correlations, as well as provide insights
on potential outliers and anomalies.
Even if telematics fails to take off immedi-
ately and ends up attracting a relatively small
portion of the market at first, the insights
gained from analyzing driving behavior and
incorporating them into pricing models may
still offset the investment in a data-pooling
arrangement. In addition, such an investment
would likely be relatively modest compared
to the amount a carrier might have to spend
to catch up with early adopters further down
the line, as well as the value of the market
share that could potentially be lost should UBI
quickly gain widespread adoption.
Challenge No. 3:
Operationalizing the data
Turning raw driving data into actionable
correlations is a major challenge facing insur-
ers looking to turn the corner and write UBI
profitably. How might insurers crack the code,
so to speak, with telematics?
In some ways, operationalizing usage-based
telematics data is similar to the challenge that
was faced by those seeking correlations with
credit history, at least in terms of the advanced
analytics going into both efforts. The major
difference, however, is that while credit history
is corollary data indicating an individual’s
likelihood of reporting an auto insurance loss,
with telematics insurers are basing their deci-
sions on experiential, primary data culled from
actual driving behavior. Down the road, that
distinction should result in greater credibility
and acceptance for telematics in the minds of
consumers and regulators.
The trick, of course, is determining exactly
how telematics data points—alone and in tan-
dem with other usage factors—might translate
into a valid predictor of risk, and to ensure that
no adverse selection would result if the data is
eventually used for pricing.
Insurers will have to take into account what
happened during a driver’s trip, including
event-related data (location, time of day, miles
driven, weather conditions) and behavior-
related information (how they drive—braking,
acceleration, speed, turning). They must then
analyze that data to generate correlations to the
potential for an insured loss. The result will be
the creation of an insurance telematics score,
reflecting the totality of the many driving attri-
butes being monitored. Those correlations will
be incorporated into the carrier’s underwriting
and pricing models.
Even if telematics fails to take off immediately and
ends up attracting a relatively small portion of the
market at first, the insights gained from analyzing
driving behavior and incorporating them into
pricing models may still offset the investment in a
data-pooling arrangement.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
15
Telematics analytics also need to be sensible
and contextual. Driving fast and cornering
quickly in a car able to handle such behavior
has different risk factors than doing the same
in a less capable vehicle, while driving like that
in rural Kansas has different risk factors than
in suburban New Jersey. This is very different
from the behavioral aspects of credit scoring,
where the context on payment practices may
not be easily visible.
As the use of UBI expands, more data is
collected and correlated, and predictive models
grow increasingly sophisticated, the advantage
will likely shift to those who were among the
first to make productive use of the information
they’ve collected, putting them in a position to
both segment and price risks more accurately.
Such a competitive edge could be fortified by
carriers that build a suite of value-added ser-
vices to de-commoditize the insurance product
and boost their retention rate.
As the telematics-based market is devel-
oped by early adopters, non-UBI carriers that
decide to follow their lead will be stuck playing
catch-up to implement a competitive program
of their own. Those that decide against adding
UBI to their product line will have to figure
out how to reclaim any lost market share and
retain what’s left of their lower-risk client
base without a telematics weapon in their
marketing arsenal.
Challenge No. 4: Implementing
a UBI program
Insurers interested in entering this mar-
ket should keep in mind that there’s more to
UBI than monitoring a policyholder’s driving
behavior. There are a lot of moving parts and
support functions to account for, such as:
•	 Data collection and transmission, whether
it’s through a mobile app or a device
installed in the vehicle by the consumer
or manufacturer
•	 Data management and storage capacity,
along with advanced analytics
•	 Predictive models that accurately
assess telematics data to generate
actionable insights
•	 Underwriting and pricing systems, along
with billing and policy administration
•	 Claims transformation to leverage telemat-
ics data in accident investigations
•	 Customer service capabilities, including the
addition of value-added, telematics-driven
options such as gamification
•	 Privacy and security measures
One other major concern is the potential
for objections or concerns that could be raised
by regulators, as noted in our next section.
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
16
Beyond the honeymoon phase
Regulators thus far have generally
responded positively to the marketing of
usage-based insurance products. That’s likely
because during this “honeymoon” phase there
is little to no downside for participating con-
sumers, who are free to opt into such programs
and are rewarded with a discount for doing so
regardless of how they drive. There hasn’t yet
been any “penalty” for those who are moni-
tored and found to be lacking based on what’s
considered to be unsafe driving behavior. And
there are no significant consequences thus far
for policyholders who for whatever reason do
not want their driving monitored.
However, as individual telematics programs
and the overall market matures, insurers will
eventually look to leverage the data they are
gathering and analyzing to price exposures
more accurately. At that point, a segment
of safe drivers will likely benefit from UBI
by earning lower rates, while other drivers
could end up paying more. For some, that will
be because their performance makes them
less-than-prime risks under the telematics-
based standards established by carriers. For
others—even those who don’t participate in
UBI—the overall benchmark rate may be
raised as telematics-based discounts proliferate
for better drivers who are willing to have their
driving behavior monitored.
Once the industry reaches that tipping
point, consumer advocates as well as state
and federal lawmakers and regulators may
challenge some aspects of telematics-based
programs. Some perhaps will call for greater
transparency and even propose rating restric-
tions to prevent discrimination against drivers
who don’t opt into UBI programs.
Unlike the pushback experienced by carri-
ers when they first employed insurance-based
credit scores as a factor in their personal lines
underwriting, telematics scoring—in which
the insured “controls” the outcome by their
driving performance—may be better received.
However, another parallel might be the
concerns expressed as insurers started raising
property insurance rates in catastrophe-prone
areas based on new predictive models pro-
prietary to third-party forecasting firms, with
some lawmakers calling for an examination of
whatever assumptions or correlations had gone
into those pricing decisions.
UBI carriers could eventually be called
upon to respond to similar government
requests to “look under the hood” of their auto
insurance telematics scores and defend the
validity of whatever correlations they draw to
segment and price their coverage. In that case,
Addressing oversight concerns
Regulators on board with
telematics, but for how long?
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
17
they will need to be able to demonstrate to
regulators the utility of telematics data in better
understanding the risks posed by a customer to
an insurer, and then to allow that information
to be a consideration in rate-setting.
One factor insurers might cite to help jus-
tify their foray into telematics is the fundamen-
tal difference between UBI and credit-based
pricing decisions, in that UBI products can be
rated using first-hand driving data, rather than
indirect proxy behavior such as credit history.
In addition, insurers might win over regula-
tors if they can establish how UBI can benefit
consumers and society overall by making the
roads safer in a number of ways, such as:
•	 Offering real-time feedback to drivers on
speed, acceleration, braking, and turning
•	 Providing incentives to policyholders
to pay closer attention to their driving
behavior through the potential to earn
lower premiums
•	 Generating a “halo effect,” as people may be
likely to drive more carefully if they know
they are being monitored.
Just as consumer hesitation about having
their driving monitored might be alleviated by
making clear what’s in it for buyers, the same
might be said when it comes to regulators,
legislators, and consumer advocates. Thus,
insurers need to effectively communicate how
telematics-driven UBI programs generate fairer
rates for better drivers while promoting safer
driving overall.
The opt-in nature of these programs might
also relieve the concerns of consumer advo-
cates and lawmakers—but perhaps only as long
as there is no financial penalty, direct or indi-
rect, for those who choose not to have their
driving monitored. At that point, carriers may
have to demonstrate that policyholders who
allow monitoring by definition make for bet-
ter risks, in terms of providing more detailed
information about how they actually drive.
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
18
Carriers take different paths
Just as telematics-based underwriting
might not be for all consumers, UBI may
not be for all carriers, either. Earlier, we noted
that research into mobile technology and
financial services uncovered three categories
when it came to consumer attitudes towards
telematics: eager beavers, fence sitters, and
naysayers. The same labels could be applied
to auto insurers deciding whether they should
take the plunge and enter the telematics-driven
UBI market.
The eager beavers among insurers have
already launched telematics programs and are
well along in their efforts to analyze, correlate,
and operationalize these new data streams.
This category is populated by many of the
industry’s biggest players, so they enjoy two
potential competitive advantages—the ben-
efit of a head start and access to an enormous
amount of data that can be generated in a
relatively short time.
These early adopters, however, have largely
implemented their UBI programs via monitor-
ing devices installed in vehicles, which may not
be the dominant evolving technology going
forward. The next wave of entrants could go
the smartphone route instead and thus avoid
several startup hurdles mentioned earlier.
The fence sitters are carriers that may be
interested in launching their own UBI pro-
gram, but are holding back for one or more
reasons. Some may feel it prudent to observe
and learn from the mistakes made by early
adopters. Others are waiting to see whether
demand for UBI develops from their cus-
tomers and agents before moving forward to
launch a telematics product. Still others may
be hesitating for fear of cannibalizing the best
risks in their current book of business. Many
may simply be stranded because they don’t
know how to proceed or feel they lack the
resources and capabilities to take the plunge.
These fence sitters face a number of poten-
tially critical strategic questions in the near
term, such as:
•	 What will be the consumer adoption
rate for UBI, and how quickly will the
market materialize?
•	 What percentage of their book might UBI
business represent?
•	 How much would they have to invest to
build a telematics capability?
•	 What impact might telematics have on their
risk segmentation and pricing scale?
Next steps
Where should insurers go from here?
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
19
•	 What insights must they generate from
telematics data to compete effectively?
•	 How will they gather and analyze the
critical mass of data they’ll need to run a
viable telematics program—on their own,
or through cooperative arrangements with
other carriers and/or vendors?
•	 What additional value-added services
might they provide via telematics to dif-
ferentiate themselves and de-commoditize
their product while steering purchase and
renewal decisions away from price?
•	 What about the risk of cannibalizing their
current premium customer base with UBI,
while losing premium dollars in the transi-
tion? On the other side of that coin, how
might they counter the risk of standing pat
while early adopters
cherry-pick their low-
est-risk policyholders
and convince them
to switch carriers by
offering discounted
UBI coverage?
•	 Is UBI primarily a
strategy to generate
new business, or for
retaining the best
risks in an existing
book? Or are both
goals achievable
in tandem?
•	 How much of an advantage might first-
movers enjoy? How far behind do carriers
risk falling, and how much business might
they lose, by waiting to enter the UBI field?
How fast a follower do they need to be to
catch up before they suffer significant ero-
sion of their best risks?
No matter how you slice it, getting up to
speed in the telematics market will take time.
While fence-sitting carriers don’t necessarily
have to be fast followers, they will likely need
to be reasonably quick followers. However,
there may be a greater risk in waiting too long
versus getting started too soon, as carriers fall-
ing too far behind the UBI leaders may not be
able to catch up.
At a minimum, later adopters will likely
face a greater burden in terms of leveraging
telematics data and deriving value from it.
Even if telematics develops more slowly than
anticipated, the insights gained should benefit
other elements of a carrier’s business, such as
in claims, with investigators gaining access to
more real-time, objective evidence about the
conditions surrounding an accident.
What about the
naysayer carriers?
Then there are the naysayers—those car-
riers determined to
make do with stan-
dard underwriting
and pricing criteria.
But even those stand-
ing on the sidelines
by choice will likely
be impacted by
telematics, especially
if UBI becomes the
standard for a mate-
rial portion of drivers
over time.
Eventually, non-
UBI carriers could
end up being niche
players catering to
consumers who simply don’t want insurers in
their proverbial back seats, or who feel their
driving behavior will not warrant discounts.
This duality (the naysaying insurer and the
naysaying customer) could define a new set of
non-standard auto insurers.
One question is whether non-UBI carriers
can match the prices offered by telematics-
driven competitors for the best drivers, and can
they do so profitably by sticking with standard
There may be a
greater risk in
waiting too long
versus getting
started too soon
with UBI.
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
20
pricing criteria? Another, perhaps bigger, chal-
lenge is how those without UBI products will
compete with those offering an enhanced cus-
tomer experience with telematics via immedi-
ate feedback to drivers and the potential allure
of gamification and loyalty programs.
Carriers that choose not to go the UBI
route will likely have to formulate and execute
an alternative retention and growth strategy, if
only to ward off the competitive threat posed
by those employing telematics.
The challenge is whether an insurer can
come up with an attractive value proposition
for that naysayer consumer segment by rely-
ing on more traditional underwriting criteria
while also introducing value-added services
and product features to help differentiate and
de-commoditize personal auto insurance.
What’s the bottom line?
UBI has already significantly disrupted
the auto insurance market, as more and more
carriers look to change the way they assess and
price risks based on telematic data.
For the next decade and beyond, UBI will
continue to evolve as auto insurers gener-
ate more data and gain additional experience
analyzing it to provide actionable insights. At
the same time, they will likely look to differ-
entiate their UBI offerings by introducing a
wider range of telematics-associated benefits
and services to connect with customers at a
deeper level.
The goal for both UBI carriers as well as
those who stick with more traditional under-
writing criteria will be to somehow remain
competitive in a society where behavioral
monitoring may eventually become the
rule rather than the exception for a grow-
ing number of insurance companies and
policyholders alike.
Deloitte’s proprietary telematics auto
insurance data bureau, designed
specifically for personal auto insurers,
offers a unique, feature-rich, company-
branded mobile phone application
and cloud-based telematics solution
that captures and scores driver risk
and reports on policyholder driving
behaviors while engaging drivers via
value-added features through the
mobile app and an online portal.
Insurer data flows to a secure member-
only bureau where insurers have
full access to their company’s UBI
data and access to all other bureau
members’ de-identified data. Reach
out to any of the contacts listed in
this article for more information.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
21
Just as telematics for usage-based pricing
is transforming auto insurance, mobile and
sensory technologies that monitor a variety of
other personal behaviors are likely to eventu-
ally transform additional lines, including life,
health, and property coverage. This bodes well
for consumers looking for premium discount
options beyond auto insurance.
But from the insurance provider’s perspec-
tive, besides leveraging telematics for more
accurate underwriting and pricing, real-time
monitoring devices could also help estab-
lish more frequent connections with—and
increased loyalty from—their customers.
Cultivating strong client relationships
has until now been largely problematic for
most insurers, given the dearth of touch-
points throughout the insurance lifecycle.
Traditionally, the insurer’s opportunity to con-
nect with a client only appeared at the point
of sale, renewals, or during the claims process.
Moreover, with the progression of insurance
aggregator and price comparison websites, it’s
easier than ever for consumers to switch carri-
ers if they have a bad claims experience or find
a cheaper price.
The paradox for insurers is how to craft a
client-centric strategy to strengthen customer
loyalty and retention despite the unremitting
pursuit of lower pricing. Emerging technology
that can measure consumer behavior across a
gamut of activities may potentially be a means
to this end, as it offers tangible benefits for
value-conscious consumers, while making
insurers relevant in the everyday lives of their
policyholders. This behavioral data provides
novel approaches for insurers to better under-
stand, serve, and retain consumers.
By harnessing continuously streaming
“quantified self” data through smartphones or
devices such as wearable or embedded body
sensors, insurers could theoretically capture a
huge array of personal data and use it to ana-
lyze a person’s movement, environment, vital
signs, and psychological and physical behavior.
For example, life insurers could potentially
harness data from devices that monitor daily
activity levels, heart rate, nutrient consump-
tion, and sleep patterns to more accurately
underwrite their policies. Eventually, consum-
ers concerned about privacy may seek to own
their own telematics data and be able to pres-
ent that asset to whichever provider they apply
to for coverage—the equivalent of a personal
telematics resume.
For any type of insurer employing telemat-
ics, this may not immediately lead to higher
market share or profitability. It may even put
a short-term squeeze on revenues given the
need to compensate participating consumers
Added insight
Taking telematics beyond auto insurance
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
22
with discounted pricing on top of investments
to finance infrastructure supporting the new
strategic initiative.
So, how then is telematics a “win” for insur-
ers, auto and beyond?
For one, personalized behavior monitoring
is poised to elevate the frequency of insurer-
client touch-points, thereby strengthening
relationships amid a clientele with diminishing
brand loyalty.
For another, a greater understanding of
customers will allow insurers to build prod-
ucts more tailored to consumer needs. (It is
important to note here that consumers and
likely regulators will expect a choice to opt in
or out of monitoring features, based on privacy
concerns and how the information will be used
and shared.)
Insurers can further provide incentives to
consumers to opt into behavior monitoring by
highlighting the benefits over and above the
obvious premium savings. Insurer-client con-
nections can be reinforced through real-time,
behavior-related, value-added services. Among
these are the following:
•	 Focused advertising and
marketing messages
•	 Travel, retail, and service provider sugges-
tions based on location
•	 Rewards for reaching fitness or healthy
consumption goals
•	 Recommendations for more beneficial
lifestyle choices
Moreover, to illustrate how telematics
might provide tangible benefits to consumers
beyond price savings, note that in auto insur-
ance, monitoring users tends to improve their
driving habits, leading to reduced accident
rates.5
This “nudge effect” could carry over to
the use of telematics in other lines of coverage.
Imagine the benefits to society if insurers also
monitored health, fitness, workplace safety,
home maintenance, and other behaviors.
As the technology used to measure behav-
ior becomes more mobile-device-driven and
increasingly cost-effective, it could help boost
adoption as well.
However, while the cards seem to be
stacked in favor of behavior monitoring adop-
tion across the insurance universe, there may
be a few hurdles that will need to be overcome.
For example, implementation may require
more nimble data management and warehous-
ing systems, while privacy and data security
programs might have to be fortified to reassure
both consumers and regulators.
Insurers in general are unlikely to thrive
through discounting programs alone—and
telematics-based products are no excep-
tion. Ideally, telematics may offer a way out
of having to compete solely on price, as
strengthening customer bonds is elevated to
a more prominent position in an insurer’s
strategy thanks to the benefits derived from
behavioral monitoring.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
23
The number of global insurance telemat-
ics users is expected to increase at a
compound annual growth rate of 90 percent,
reaching 89 million in 2017, according to ABI
Research.6
However, the speed of uptake varies
by region.
Europe is quickly developing the most com-
manding penetration of telematics insurance
products. Italy is the region’s current leader,
but the United Kingdom is expected to close
the gap by 2020. Conversely, the Asia-Pacific
region is still struggling with barriers to UBI
implementation, including regulatory restric-
tions on pricing, the relative lack of insurance
telematics-monitoring capabilities, and the
ratio of UBI expenses relative to insurance
product costs.
The exclusion of gender from the auto
insurance ratings dynamic in Europe due to
concerns about the appearance of discrimi-
nation may also accelerate the adoption rate
of UBI in the region, as those who see their
premiums rise as a result look to validate their
superior driving performance with telematics.
Pursuit of fair pricing, particularly for younger
drivers who pay higher premium rates based
solely on their age, is also driving interest.
Perhaps even more influential to UBI
adoption abroad is the push from several
governments, including Italy and the United
Kingdom, to motivate better driving behavior,
which telematics surveillance is designed to
promote. Indeed, vehicles fitted with telemat-
ics devices are becoming mandatory in several
European countries, with others expected to
follow suit.
Subject matter specialists at Deloitte UK
suggest a conservative UBI adoption rate of
15–18 percent in the United Kingdom and
Italy. They believe faster growth is unlikely
due to uncertainties over monitoring device
installation and consumer adoption, as well
as whether such devices will endure as the
preferred UBI data gathering method or
eventually be supplanted by smartphones, as is
expected to be the case in the United States.
However, while the United States and
Europe are in the early throes of UBI adoption,
with the attraction to consumers being the lure
of cheaper premiums, the growth of telematics
in China’s auto insurance market is currently
hindered by a number of obstacles.
Telematics in the Asia-Pacific region for
now is available mainly as a luxury embed-
ded in high-end autos to access concierge
and location services from call-center opera-
tors. Regulatory restrictions over how insur-
ance coverage is priced, a dearth of devices
and other options, and the lack of uptake by
insurance carriers currently hinder telemat-
ics growth for auto insurance and will likely
remain barriers for at least the next few years.
As mobile technology continues to prolifer-
ate, however, the potential exists for mobile
apps for telematics monitoring to hasten adop-
tion in the Asia-Pacific market, if regulatory
restrictions over pricing can be overcome.
Added insight
Telematics goes global, but speed bumps remain
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
24
Endnotes
1.	 As used in this document, “Deloitte” means Deloitte Consulting LLP, a subsidiary of
Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of the
legal structure of Deloitte LLP and its subsidiaries. Certain services may not be avail-
able to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting.
2.	 Sam Friedman and Aditya Udai Singh, Voice of the personal lines insurance consumer: Buy-
ers in the driver’s seat, Deloitte University Press, February 2013, http://dupress.com/
articles/the-voice-of-the-personal-lines-consumer/?ind, accessed April 7, 2014.
3.	 Deloitte, Insurance tech trends 2013, Deloitte Development LLC, July 2013, http://
www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/Insurance-Financial-Services/
d344c6b3a42ef310VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD.htm, accessed April 7, 2014.
4.	 Federal Trade Commission, “Consumer information: How credit scores affect the price
of credit and insurance,” September 2013, http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0152-
how-credit-scores-affect-price-credit-and-insurance, accessed April 7, 2014.
5.	 Becky Yerak, “Devices map your driving habits, can help save money on
insurance premiums,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2012.
6.	 ABI Research, “89 million insurance telematics subscribers globally by 2017,” Reuters, February 10, 2012.
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
25
Acknowledgements
Thank you to our sponsors, Andrew Goldberg, director, Deloitte Consulting LLP, John Lucker,
principal, Deloitte Consulting LLP and Sandeep Puri, director, Deloitte Consulting LLP for their
dedication to this project.
The center wishes to thank the following Deloitte client service professionals for their insights and
contributions to this report:
William Mullaney, senior advisor to the insurance practice, Deloitte Consulting LLP
Howard Mills, director and chief advisor, Insurance Industry Group, Deloitte LLP
Timothy Cercelle, director, Deloitte & Touche LLP
Malika Gandhi, senior manager, Deloitte Consulting LLP
Jared Goldstein, manager, Deloitte Consulting LLP
Jun Yan, specialist leader, Deloitte Consulting LLP
The center also wishes to thank the following Deloitte professionals for their support and contribu-
tions to this report:
Rachel Moses, senior marketing specialist, Deloitte Services LP
Courtney Scanlin, insurance marketing leader, Deloitte Services LP
Aditya Udai Singh, assistant manager, Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd.
Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
26
Contacts
Industry leadership
Gary Shaw
Vice Chairman
US insurance leader
Deloitte LLP
+1 973 602 6659
gashaw@deloitte.com
Deloitte Center for
Financial Services
Jim Eckenrode
Executive director
Deloitte Center for Financial Services
Deloitte Services LP
+1 617 585 4877
jeckenrode@deloitte.com
Sponsors
John Lucker
Principal
Deloitte Consulting LLP
+1 860 725 3022
jlucker@deloitte.com
Sandeep Puri
Director
Deloitte Consulting LLP
+1 212 618 4436
sanpuri@deloitte.com
Author
Sam Friedman
Research leader, insurance
Deloitte Center for Financial Services
Deloitte Services LP
+1 212 436 5521
samfriedman@deloitte.com
Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs
27
About the Center for
Financial Services
The Deloitte Center for Financial Services (DCFS), part of the firm’s US Financial Services
practice, is a source of up-to-the-minute insights on the most important issues facing senior-level
decision makers within banks, capital markets firms, mutual fund companies, private equity firms,
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We offer an integrated view of financial services issues, delivered through a mix of research,
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Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics
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  • 1. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs A research report by the Deloitte Center for Financial Services
  • 2. Sam Friedman is the insurance research leader at Deloitte’s Center for Financial Services in New York. He joined Deloitte in 2010 after a three-decade career as a business journalist, most promi- nently as group editor-in-chief of property-casualty insurance publications, websites, and events for National Underwriter, where he published an award-winning blog and magazine column. At Deloitte, his research has explored consumer behavior and preferences in auto, home, life, and small business insurance. Additional studies have examined how financial services providers might more effectively help individuals finance their retirements, as well as the potential for greater privatization of federal flood insurance. Michelle Canaan is a manager with the Deloitte Center for Financial Services in New York. With a background in the financial services industry, Canaan joined Deloitte’s Capital Markets practice in November 2000. Over the past 10 years, she has served as a subject matter specialist for Deloitte’s Market Intelligence group, with a focus on the insurance sector. She produces insurance-related thoughtware for the organization’s insurance practice as well as for external audiences. About the authors
  • 3. Overview: Have we reached a point of no return on telematics? | 2 Creating a niche: How big is the market for UBI products? | 4 Overcoming roadblocks: How might insurers differentiate themselves with telematics? | 10 The numbers game: Telematics depends on gaining actionable insights | 13 Addressing oversight concerns: Regulators on board with telematics, but for how long? | 17 Next steps: Where should insurers go from here? | 19 Added insight: Taking telematics beyond auto insurance | 22 Added insight: Telematics goes global, but speed bumps remain | 24 Endnotes | 25 Acknowledgements | 26 Contacts | 27 Contents
  • 4. Overview Have we reached a point of no return with telematics? Personal auto carriers are rapidly approaching a moment of truth when it comes to usage-based insurance (UBI) pro- grams, in which a driver’s behavior is moni- tored via a telematics device. That goes both for insurers that have already launched such products, as well as those that have remained on the sidelines for a variety of reasons. Early adopters of UBI are gaining a wealth of first-hand experience and insights that stand to provide a long-lasting competitive edge against insurers that until now have been undecided about whether or when to follow suit, as well as those either unwilling or unable to do so. These trailblazers are rapidly collect- ing a critical mass of data that can be ana- lyzed to reveal driver behaviors that provide a basis for greater precision in underwriting and pricing. For example, current rating methods would likely rate two drivers identically if they had the same credit scores, automobiles, and demographics and lived in areas with similar geographic profiles. However, what if we knew through telematics observation that one of the insured persons drives his/her car one-tenth as much as the other, or at less risky times of the day? In that case, an insurer would be in a position to potentially leverage this new experiential information and underwrite the respective risks posed by the two driv- ers differently, as well as price their coverage more accurately. Having such first-hand driving data at their underwriters’ disposal could give existing UBI carriers a considerable leg up over those not using telematics, should the non-users remain on the sidelines for long. For example, stan- dard carriers could lose profitable policyhold- ers who are cherry-picked by UBI-capable insurers that have acquired the capability to discern driver risk more granularly. Trying to catch up with the frontrunners in the UBI race is also likely to be costly—even more so as time goes on and the early birds get a bigger head start. Of course, early adopters still face many challenges in executing a viable telemat- ics program. For one, widespread consumer acceptance is no certainty, given privacy concerns for some and skepticism among others as to whether having their driving so closely scrutinized will benefit them in the end, or perhaps even be used against them in a number of ways—and not just by their auto insurer. Indeed, a January 2014 survey Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 2
  • 5. by the Deloitte Center for Financial Services exploring consumer use of mobile devices in financial services reveals that about half of the overall driving population is not open to the idea of UBI—at least for the moment.1 In addition, while regulators have been supportive in the early stages of telematics development, down the road their acceptance may depend on a number of factors, including the eventual impact on rates for those who fail to meet whatever standards are attributed to “less risky” drivers. There may also be regula- tory resistance if drivers face higher prices just because they choose not to be monitored, for whatever reason. In this report, we’ll explore these and a number of other important consid- erations for carriers that have jumped in and made a splash in the UBI market. But we’ll also address the concerns of those who have not yet taken this path but are interested in doing so, offering a heads-up about potential speed bumps on the road to creating telematics- based products. For example, we’ll examine how carriers interested in following the UBI leaders—but lacking the data, expertise, and/or capabilities to create their own telematics program—might leverage the services of third-party data aggre- gators to level the playing field when going up against much bigger competitors with far deeper pools of information at their disposal. Last but not least, we’ll explore how non- UBI carriers might compete against those offering telematics-based pricing and services. Wherever a carrier stands on the subject, we may have already reached the point of no return when it comes to telematics and UBI. The genie is out of the bottle. The industry as a whole is not likely to go back to relying only on its traditional methods of assessing auto risks. A growing number of carriers will likely adopt behavioral-based telematics as a way to at least supplement traditional underwriting factors. Indeed, before too long the use of sensory technologies that permit behavioral underwrit- ing by insurers is likely to be expanded beyond auto insurance into homeowners, life and health cover- ages, and perhaps even non-auto commercial lines as well, such as workers’ compensa- tion. Smart homes, biometric monitor- ing, wearable tech- nologies, and the Internet of Things are all developing trends that could support and acceler- ate such initiatives. But even if UBI is merely part of the natural evolution of auto insurance underwriting in an increasingly data-driven age, carriers of all stripes will likely need a strategy to respond to those that embrace telematics. Some will decide to go along for the ride, while the rest will have to figure out alternative routes to survive and prosper. The genie is out of the bottle. The industry as a whole is not likely to go back to relying only on its traditional methods of assessing auto risks. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 3
  • 6. Creating a new niche How big is the market for UBI products? Survey reveals three basic consumer segments For a variety of reasons, UBI programs based on telematics data-gathering will probably not be for every driver. Indeed, our general hypothesis that only certain segments will permit their driving to be monitored by insurers was validated by Deloitte’s recent survey, which examined mobile technology experience, perceptions, and expectations among financial services consumers. The survey, conducted in January 2014, drew 2,193 respondents representing a wide variety of demographic groups, broken down by age and income, split evenly in terms of gender. Respondents were asked about their willingness to be monitored by auto insur- ers through an app on their smartphone, as opposed to having to install an additional piece of equipment into their vehicle, or having a car in which such equipment was already included by the manufacturer. While most drivers who have signed up for telematics programs are currently monitored by a special device that’s part of their vehicle, going forward it’s likely that such technology could be largely displaced by a mobile app. Not only would the use of smartphones for telematics monitoring lower insurer costs for device distribution and retrieval as well as data transmission, the technology would also enable consumers to get more immediate feedback. The survey identified three distinct groups among respondents when asked whether they would agree to allow an insurer to track their driving experience through their mobile device if it meant they would be eligible for premium discounts based on their performance (figure 1). They were: • Eager beavers: Over one in four said they would allow such monitoring, without stipulating any specific minimum discount in return. • Fence sitters: The same percentage of respondents were a bit more cautious, noting they might get on board with UBI if the price was right, given a high enough discount to make it worth their while. • Naysayers: A little less than half said they would not be interested in hav- ing their driving monitored under any circumstances. Among those who were open to the idea of telematics monitoring, about one in five expect a discount of 10 percent or less, with the vast majority anticipating 6 to 10 percent (figure 2). About half expect between 11 and 20 percent (with 27 percent anticipating between 11 and Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 4
  • 7. Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figure 1. How open are drivers to having their behavior monitored? Percentage of those who would allow driving to be tracked via mobile device 26% 47% 27% Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figure 2. How much do UBI policyholders expect to save on auto insurance? 31% 23% 27% 16% 3% Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored 1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20% Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 5
  • 8. 15 percent), while nearly one-third think they would be entitled to discounts over 20 percent. When broken down by various demo- graphic factors, age was the biggest differentia- tor (figure 3). Nearly two-thirds of respondents aged 21–29 were willing to give UBI a go, compared to only 44 percent of those 60 or older. More than twice as many in the 21–29 age category than in the 60-or-older group (35 versus 15 percent) said yes to telematics without stipulating a particular discount. This trend was somewhat less pronounced but still significant when comparing respondents under 30 to those in the 46–59 segment, among whom only 24 percent would allow monitoring with no stipulated discount. Younger respondents were also less likely to expect a discount of over 20 percent—26 percent of the under-30 crowd compared to 38 percent of those aged 46–59 (figure 4). This could be because fewer older consumers are open to the idea of monitoring in the first place (perhaps out of “Big Brother” concerns, or the fact that they did not grow up in a fully Web- connected environment), and therefore would demand a bigger financial incentive before allowing an insurer to monitor their driving. Or it could be that the older segment, making more money on average than the youngest seg- ment, is less likely to be won over by a rela- tively small discount—at least in dollar terms. Income was not a differentiating factor, which was surprising considering that one might expect those with less discretionary funds to place more emphasis on how much they would save on their auto insurance premiums by signing on to a UBI program. Yet, only about 30 percent of both the highest (above $100,000) and lowest (below $50,000) income groups surveyed said the size of the discount would determine whether they would allow their driving to be monitored (figure 5). Expectations about the size of the discount in return for signing on were also similar across income segments (figure 6). Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding. Figure 3. Age is a factor in openness toward telematics Allowing driving behavior to be monitored based on potential for premium discount (by age) 21–29 30–45 46–59 60 or older 35% 31% 24% 15% 38% 41% 51% 56% 27% 29% 25% 29% Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 6
  • 9. Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding. Figure 4. Younger drivers would generally expect a lower telematics discount Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by age) 1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20% 21–29 30–45 46–59 60 or older 15% 27%32% 25% 26% 22% 5% 15% 4% 29% 28% 1% 13% 1% 19% 38% 25% 30% 21% 23% Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding. Figure 5. Income not a big differentiator in telematics acceptance Allowing driving behavior to be monitored based on potential for premium discount (by income) Yes No Depends on the amount of the discount $25,000–$49,999 $50,000–$74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000 or more 29% 47% 23% 23% 26% 51% 26% 29% 45% 29% 28% 43% Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 7
  • 10. Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figures may not total 100 percent due to rounding. Figure 6. Discount expectations similar despite income differences Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by income) $25,000–$49,999 $50,000–$74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000 or more 1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20% 15% 24% 15% 15% 28% 26% 21% 3% 3% 3% 2% 21% 31%34%33% 23% 29% 30% 20% 27% Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com Figure 7. Gender gap seen in telematic discount expectations Size of discount required to allow driving behavior to be monitored (by gender) Male Female 1–5% 6–10% 11–15% 16–20% Over 20% 18% 15% 25% 24% 34% 31% 20% 28% 3% 2% Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 8
  • 11. However, given the fact that higher-income consumers are generally considered potentially more valuable to insurers, seeing a significant segment of that coveted group open to the idea of UBI without worrying about the size of the discount could be a positive factor for telematics marketers. While gender did not make a major dif- ference in whether a respondent would allow insurers to monitor their driving, women did generally expect a higher discount for doing so (figure 7), with 59 percent anticipating a rate break of 16 percent or higher (including 34 percent who expect more than 20 percent) compared to 48 percent among men (with 28 percent looking for a discount of 20 percent or higher). What are the implications? Looking at the big picture, with nearly half of the respondents in this survey indicating that UBI is not for them, a bifurcated mar- ket may eventually develop, with those who choose to be monitored representing a separate class of drivers who are underwritten in a dif- ferent way, supplementing at first and perhaps later supplanting traditional pricing factors. In the end, serving the “naysayers” may become a specialty market niche for some carriers. Still, this research, along with our inter- views with insurer executives and media reports of UBI programs being tested or rolled out across the country appears to indicate that there is indeed a significant consumer segment ready, willing, and able to at least test-drive telematics-based auto insurance programs. But that doesn’t mean the road to achieving growth and profitability through telematics is without speed bumps, potholes, and other potential hazards. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 9
  • 12. Navigating the obstacle course Insurers looking to make UBI part of their product line must first convince consum- ers it’s worth their while to take the plunge and allow their driving to be monitored. Then, to retain those UBI accounts, carriers need to convince customers that monitoring benefits them and that the insurer’s particular telematics services somehow sets it apart from the competition. As mentioned earlier, to get drivers into telematics monitoring programs, the initial lure is usually a lower premium charge. Many UBI programs today provide a discount based only on participation rather than on actual performance, as carriers look to collect a critical mass of data and determine how to effectively leverage it for predictive model- ing purposes. Conceptually a portion of this discount is an incentive to sign up for a UBI program, as well as the cost of purchasing the consumer’s telematics data—a quid pro quo to compensate the buyer for allowing their driv- ing to be monitored, thus providing valuable information to the insurer. But as insurers build large, statistically and actuarially credible UBI data sets, it’s likely that price cuts will have to eventually be earned based on actual driving experience and the correlations to losses that carriers discover during this early phase of telematics. Indeed, as the market matures we are starting to see some carriers pushing the discount to the end of the first policy term (in contrast with initial enroll- ment), or attempting to offer value-added services in lieu of an upfront discount in an effort to balance the cost of the program while giving consumers a perceived benefit that will still entice them to take part. First-movers may sacrifice some margin in the initial stages of telematics, with discounts being part of the acquisition cost to enroll a new policyholder or gather additional data from an existing policyholder. But over the course of a driver’s multi-year relationship with the insurer, the end game becomes clearer. If the driver heeds the safety tips received from the insurer based on their monitored driving behavior, loss costs may eventually decline, retention could increase, and margins might improve. In addition, the data gathered from telematics could help insurers improve segmentation, underwriting, and pricing accuracy, which in the end may also bolster profit margins. In the early stages of telematics, first- movers have an opportunity to increase their market share by offering discounted coverage. However, once there is “saturation”—that is, as Overcoming roadblocks How might insurers differentiate themselves with telematics? Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 10
  • 13. the market adoption of all policyholders who are likely to opt into telematics nears comple- tion— it is unlikely that UBI insurers can grow their business by selling telematics based on price discounts alone. Therefore, to differentiate their UBI offer- ings and boost retention of their better risks, carriers will likely have to offer more value- added, telematics-based services (as outlined below). This is the stage in which insurers can start de-commoditizing their product and dif- ferentiating themselves from their rivals. Moving beyond a price focus While the availability of a discounted premium may be important to achieve initial consumer adoption, as UBI moves beyond its nascent stage, telematics offers the potential to create a whole new level of engagement by allowing for a much more frequent, mutually beneficial customer experience. That’s the holy grail for insurers—establishing brand sticki- ness by offering ongoing value to policyhold- ers beyond the price charged for coverage and claim service provided. To differentiate themselves with telematics, UBI carriers are already becoming part of a policyholder’s daily life by offering a number of value-added features, including: • Providing immediate feedback on how customers could drive more safely • Alerting drivers about potentially hazard- ous road conditions or traffic slowdowns • Facilitating roadside assistance and or claim notification in case of an accident • Locating lost or stolen vehicles • Geo-fencing to allow parents to monitor a teenager’s location and driving behavior (The same service could be offered to those concerned about elderly drivers) Additional niche markets could be tar- geted with specialized telematics services—for example, the ability to monitor how “green” a driver is by measuring the impact of driving behavior on their carbon footprint. Carriers might also consider co-marketing location-based mobile services with other providers, such as towing, auto repair, and car washes. They might also incorporate non- vehicle-related service options such as alerts about nearby restaurants and retail outlets— perhaps in conjunction with points earned by good driving behavior in loyalty programs or through gamification, which could be redeemed at participating vendors. Making insurance “fun” with telematics Gamification—the application of gaming concepts to a broader commercial experi- ence—might also leverage telematics to spur consumer loyalty among policyholders. Insurers could provide rewards for improve- ments in driving behavior, relative to their own performance as well as against the broader policyholder pool, certain segments, or even specific groups of individuals. Insurers could thereby use telematics to make the customer experience more interactive, competitive, gratifying, and perhaps even fun—certainly not an attribute traditionally associated with insurance. A big part of “gamifying” insurance would be to provide incentives for behavior that prevents losses, thereby generating value for insureds and carriers throughout the policy year. This would make insurance more of a proactive, prevention-driven engagement, rather than a reactive, price-driven commod- ity. The goal is to create value for both car- rier and consumer while engendering greater loyalty come renewal time. Such incentives could go beyond price dis- counts granted on the coverage itself. Indeed, “players” in the insurance “game” could earn loyalty points based on telematics monitor- ing, if they drive in a way that limits risk and prevents losses. For example, carriers could set Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 11
  • 14. up a weekly or monthly driving competition for a family or among friends insured by the same company (which could perhaps provide an incentive for policyholders to refer others to their carrier). The points earned could be directly traded not only for traditional insurance benefits, such as lower deductibles or higher limits, but to leverage affinity relationships, such as auto repairs, car washes, detailing, gas discounts, or other perks. Through gamification, insurers might estab- lish an ongoing, mutually beneficial relation- ship with policyholders rather than relying on price or claims service alone to compete. Consumers might be less tempted to change carriers at renewal based on a somewhat lower price offered by a competitor, if it means hav- ing to surrender the loyalty points they have built up, as well as no longer being able to play the particular “insurance game” offered by their provider. This approach might especially appeal to drivers younger than 40, since they are already more apt to play games on their mobile devices. This also happens to be a more volatile consumer segment than older drivers when it comes to their proclivity to change auto carri- ers, as our research into personal lines con- sumers has revealed.2 Overcoming privacy concerns One potential source of resistance to the notion of sharing so much personal driving data with insurers could be concerns about privacy. Some may shy away from UBI simply because they are not comfortable with a virtual backseat driver watching their every move behind the wheel. Others might be worried that hackers or those who steal or find their lost phones may be able to access, for their own nefarious purposes, where and when UBI policyholders are driving. Those put off by the concept of monitor- ing may be solidly in the “naysayer” camp. However, those who don’t oppose the idea of monitoring in theory but fear data privacy breaches could perhaps be reassured by full disclosure of the cyber-security mea- sures, privacy policies, and end-user license agreements put in place by the insurer and/ or any third parties holding personally identifiable information. Others may be concerned that their data might someday be seized by more official channels, including law enforcement or private litigators seeking someone’s driving history for criminal or civil actions. These concerns might be alleviated by putting them in context—for example, by pointing out the multitude of other technologies already in play to monitor driving, including “black boxes” installed by the manufacturer, the proliferation of traffic cameras, and even the data collected by their own smartphones just by being turned on, beyond any telematics insurance application. Enhanced surveillance and/or geo-loca- tional capabilities are part of the world we live in now, for better or worse. But on the whole, UBI carriers can emphasize that telematics offers enough potential advantages to drivers to make the product worthwhile in spite of privacy considerations. Still, our survey examining consumer use of mobile technology for financial services found a significant segment, especially among younger respondents, open to trading personal data for some sort of value proposition. This is increasingly common in other industries, particularly among online retailers who ana- lyze shopping patterns to recommend related products or services, as well as search engines that sell advertising based on the same sort of personal data mining. Long term, to gain widespread adoption insurers will likely have to engage in proactive communication and education—specifically making clear what’s in it for the consumer when it comes to sharing personal driving hab- its. If the potential gain is significant enough and they believe their data is relatively secure, more consumers will likely be willing to make the trade-off, despite any lingering concerns about personal privacy or cyber security. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 12
  • 15. Challenge No. 1: Collecting the data Beyond what policyholders will require in the form of discounts to initially par- ticipate, the ability of insurers to collect and correlate telematics data economically and effectively will be a key factor in determining the fate of UBI programs. What must carri- ers do to write such products profitably? How might smaller companies compete against the industry’s data-rich giants? What data-mining insights will insurers have to achieve to make the most of the real-time driving information they gather? Collection of data for UBI has tradition- ally depended upon the willingness (and sometimes the ability) of policyholders to plug monitoring devices into their vehicle’s on-board diagnostic system. The cost of such equipment is covered by the insurer, as are data transmission charges. More recently, manufacturers have often been including platforms in their vehicles that allow for telematics transmissions, but at the moment such systems lack standardiza- tion, and it will likely take several years for this capability to be included in a meaning- ful percentage of vehicles, given the pace of fleet turnover. These factors make relying on devices installed in the vehicle itself a prob- lematic option for UBI carriers, at least in the short run. Going forward, however, it’s more likely for a number of reasons that insurers will increas- ingly monitor policyholders’ driving experi- ence via their smartphones.3 Such a move could help overcome consumer concerns about test-driving a telematics program, since they are being asked to just download an app rather than install a new piece of equipment into their vehicle. In addition, drivers can receive real-time feedback on their behavior through mobile devices. From the insurer’s perspective, a move to mobile would eliminate the cost of installing a proprietary monitoring device in the vehicle, as well as expenses for data transmission, making the implementation of UBI programs more economical. And since the app resides on what is, in effect, a mini-computer, initial data processing can be done on the device itself. Insurers may also benefit because a mobile app gathers first-hand data on the behavior and performance of the driver carrying the smartphone, rather than the more traditional auto underwriting focus on the vehicle being driven. These are not mutually exclusive approaches. Indeed, monitoring of drivers together with more standard criteria about the The numbers game Telematics depends on gaining actionable insights Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 13
  • 16. vehicle are complementary efforts that could help create a 360-degree view of the total expo- sure being underwritten by insurers. Challenge No. 2: Achieving a critical mass of data Once it’s decided how to go about monitor- ing a policyholder’s driving, the next step is to determine what kinds of data insurers should be collecting. Traditional underwriting models have depended upon a number of sources for correlated predictors of loss, including some directly related to driving (such as miles driven, accident history, and traffic violations) and others that serve as a proxy, including age, marital status, and insurance-based credit scores.4 The proxy factors have at times been challenged for validity, with the use of credit scores in auto underwriting turning out to be particularly controversial, prompting legisla- tive and regulatory restrictions in a number of states. With UBI, however, insurers can monitor policyholder behavior directly, recording the times, locations, and road conditions when they drive, whether they rapidly acceler- ate or drive at high or even excessive speeds, how hard they brake, as well as how rapidly they make turns and whether they use their turn signals. Insurers will need to collect a substantial volume of such data to achieve a critical mass in order to identify potential correlations and create predictive models that produce reliable underwriting and pricing decisions. Bigger carriers that have already launched UBI pro- grams have the advantage of sheer numbers, in terms of the amount of data they can gather in a relatively short time. Smaller insurers, however, are likely not going to be able to col- lect a sufficient volume or spread of data on their own with their existing customers, which could discourage such carriers from entering the telematics market. One way to clear this hurdle may be to work in concert with other carriers and third-party organizations. In this collabora- tive model, a group of insurers could pool their telematics data for broader insight and share the resulting telematics insurance score, as they do now for underwriting purposes when it comes to claims data. This could allow smaller companies access to a much wider and deeper data base than they could generate indi- vidually, while restricting access to personally identifiable information beyond that of their own policyholders. Eventually, this path could allow smaller insurers to compete on a more level playing field with their bigger rivals, rather than having to concede the telematics field to the industry’s giants by default. For the moment, telematic data-gathering is a fractured process, with each carrier using its own information in isolation. One day, such data might be shared industry-wide through bureaus, as claims information and insurance- based credit scores are now. This could prevent UBI consumers who exhibit less than optimal driving behavior from simply moving on with a clean slate to a new carrier—with or without a UBI option—that is unaware of any reckless driving behavior recorded by their prior insurer. For now, however, most carriers, acting on their own, would likely require over five years to gather an adequate amount of driving data to run a viable UBI program. That’s where data pools and bureaus can make an impact, especially since the key differentiator for UBI is not in how they collect the data, but in how well they analyze and correlate it to make more precise underwriting and pricing deci- sions. Getting involved with such cooperative arrangements early on can therefore provide an advantage to carriers entering the UBI market over those going it alone, given the wider array of telematic data at their disposal. Meanwhile, those carriers big enough to collect a sufficient volume of data on their own might benefit from access to a broader pool of driving experience, rather than bas- ing their underwriting and pricing decisions Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 14
  • 17. solely on their own policyholder information. Benchmarking a carrier’s particular experience against a larger data set could validate their in- house correlations, as well as provide insights on potential outliers and anomalies. Even if telematics fails to take off immedi- ately and ends up attracting a relatively small portion of the market at first, the insights gained from analyzing driving behavior and incorporating them into pricing models may still offset the investment in a data-pooling arrangement. In addition, such an investment would likely be relatively modest compared to the amount a carrier might have to spend to catch up with early adopters further down the line, as well as the value of the market share that could potentially be lost should UBI quickly gain widespread adoption. Challenge No. 3: Operationalizing the data Turning raw driving data into actionable correlations is a major challenge facing insur- ers looking to turn the corner and write UBI profitably. How might insurers crack the code, so to speak, with telematics? In some ways, operationalizing usage-based telematics data is similar to the challenge that was faced by those seeking correlations with credit history, at least in terms of the advanced analytics going into both efforts. The major difference, however, is that while credit history is corollary data indicating an individual’s likelihood of reporting an auto insurance loss, with telematics insurers are basing their deci- sions on experiential, primary data culled from actual driving behavior. Down the road, that distinction should result in greater credibility and acceptance for telematics in the minds of consumers and regulators. The trick, of course, is determining exactly how telematics data points—alone and in tan- dem with other usage factors—might translate into a valid predictor of risk, and to ensure that no adverse selection would result if the data is eventually used for pricing. Insurers will have to take into account what happened during a driver’s trip, including event-related data (location, time of day, miles driven, weather conditions) and behavior- related information (how they drive—braking, acceleration, speed, turning). They must then analyze that data to generate correlations to the potential for an insured loss. The result will be the creation of an insurance telematics score, reflecting the totality of the many driving attri- butes being monitored. Those correlations will be incorporated into the carrier’s underwriting and pricing models. Even if telematics fails to take off immediately and ends up attracting a relatively small portion of the market at first, the insights gained from analyzing driving behavior and incorporating them into pricing models may still offset the investment in a data-pooling arrangement. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 15
  • 18. Telematics analytics also need to be sensible and contextual. Driving fast and cornering quickly in a car able to handle such behavior has different risk factors than doing the same in a less capable vehicle, while driving like that in rural Kansas has different risk factors than in suburban New Jersey. This is very different from the behavioral aspects of credit scoring, where the context on payment practices may not be easily visible. As the use of UBI expands, more data is collected and correlated, and predictive models grow increasingly sophisticated, the advantage will likely shift to those who were among the first to make productive use of the information they’ve collected, putting them in a position to both segment and price risks more accurately. Such a competitive edge could be fortified by carriers that build a suite of value-added ser- vices to de-commoditize the insurance product and boost their retention rate. As the telematics-based market is devel- oped by early adopters, non-UBI carriers that decide to follow their lead will be stuck playing catch-up to implement a competitive program of their own. Those that decide against adding UBI to their product line will have to figure out how to reclaim any lost market share and retain what’s left of their lower-risk client base without a telematics weapon in their marketing arsenal. Challenge No. 4: Implementing a UBI program Insurers interested in entering this mar- ket should keep in mind that there’s more to UBI than monitoring a policyholder’s driving behavior. There are a lot of moving parts and support functions to account for, such as: • Data collection and transmission, whether it’s through a mobile app or a device installed in the vehicle by the consumer or manufacturer • Data management and storage capacity, along with advanced analytics • Predictive models that accurately assess telematics data to generate actionable insights • Underwriting and pricing systems, along with billing and policy administration • Claims transformation to leverage telemat- ics data in accident investigations • Customer service capabilities, including the addition of value-added, telematics-driven options such as gamification • Privacy and security measures One other major concern is the potential for objections or concerns that could be raised by regulators, as noted in our next section. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 16
  • 19. Beyond the honeymoon phase Regulators thus far have generally responded positively to the marketing of usage-based insurance products. That’s likely because during this “honeymoon” phase there is little to no downside for participating con- sumers, who are free to opt into such programs and are rewarded with a discount for doing so regardless of how they drive. There hasn’t yet been any “penalty” for those who are moni- tored and found to be lacking based on what’s considered to be unsafe driving behavior. And there are no significant consequences thus far for policyholders who for whatever reason do not want their driving monitored. However, as individual telematics programs and the overall market matures, insurers will eventually look to leverage the data they are gathering and analyzing to price exposures more accurately. At that point, a segment of safe drivers will likely benefit from UBI by earning lower rates, while other drivers could end up paying more. For some, that will be because their performance makes them less-than-prime risks under the telematics- based standards established by carriers. For others—even those who don’t participate in UBI—the overall benchmark rate may be raised as telematics-based discounts proliferate for better drivers who are willing to have their driving behavior monitored. Once the industry reaches that tipping point, consumer advocates as well as state and federal lawmakers and regulators may challenge some aspects of telematics-based programs. Some perhaps will call for greater transparency and even propose rating restric- tions to prevent discrimination against drivers who don’t opt into UBI programs. Unlike the pushback experienced by carri- ers when they first employed insurance-based credit scores as a factor in their personal lines underwriting, telematics scoring—in which the insured “controls” the outcome by their driving performance—may be better received. However, another parallel might be the concerns expressed as insurers started raising property insurance rates in catastrophe-prone areas based on new predictive models pro- prietary to third-party forecasting firms, with some lawmakers calling for an examination of whatever assumptions or correlations had gone into those pricing decisions. UBI carriers could eventually be called upon to respond to similar government requests to “look under the hood” of their auto insurance telematics scores and defend the validity of whatever correlations they draw to segment and price their coverage. In that case, Addressing oversight concerns Regulators on board with telematics, but for how long? Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 17
  • 20. they will need to be able to demonstrate to regulators the utility of telematics data in better understanding the risks posed by a customer to an insurer, and then to allow that information to be a consideration in rate-setting. One factor insurers might cite to help jus- tify their foray into telematics is the fundamen- tal difference between UBI and credit-based pricing decisions, in that UBI products can be rated using first-hand driving data, rather than indirect proxy behavior such as credit history. In addition, insurers might win over regula- tors if they can establish how UBI can benefit consumers and society overall by making the roads safer in a number of ways, such as: • Offering real-time feedback to drivers on speed, acceleration, braking, and turning • Providing incentives to policyholders to pay closer attention to their driving behavior through the potential to earn lower premiums • Generating a “halo effect,” as people may be likely to drive more carefully if they know they are being monitored. Just as consumer hesitation about having their driving monitored might be alleviated by making clear what’s in it for buyers, the same might be said when it comes to regulators, legislators, and consumer advocates. Thus, insurers need to effectively communicate how telematics-driven UBI programs generate fairer rates for better drivers while promoting safer driving overall. The opt-in nature of these programs might also relieve the concerns of consumer advo- cates and lawmakers—but perhaps only as long as there is no financial penalty, direct or indi- rect, for those who choose not to have their driving monitored. At that point, carriers may have to demonstrate that policyholders who allow monitoring by definition make for bet- ter risks, in terms of providing more detailed information about how they actually drive. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 18
  • 21. Carriers take different paths Just as telematics-based underwriting might not be for all consumers, UBI may not be for all carriers, either. Earlier, we noted that research into mobile technology and financial services uncovered three categories when it came to consumer attitudes towards telematics: eager beavers, fence sitters, and naysayers. The same labels could be applied to auto insurers deciding whether they should take the plunge and enter the telematics-driven UBI market. The eager beavers among insurers have already launched telematics programs and are well along in their efforts to analyze, correlate, and operationalize these new data streams. This category is populated by many of the industry’s biggest players, so they enjoy two potential competitive advantages—the ben- efit of a head start and access to an enormous amount of data that can be generated in a relatively short time. These early adopters, however, have largely implemented their UBI programs via monitor- ing devices installed in vehicles, which may not be the dominant evolving technology going forward. The next wave of entrants could go the smartphone route instead and thus avoid several startup hurdles mentioned earlier. The fence sitters are carriers that may be interested in launching their own UBI pro- gram, but are holding back for one or more reasons. Some may feel it prudent to observe and learn from the mistakes made by early adopters. Others are waiting to see whether demand for UBI develops from their cus- tomers and agents before moving forward to launch a telematics product. Still others may be hesitating for fear of cannibalizing the best risks in their current book of business. Many may simply be stranded because they don’t know how to proceed or feel they lack the resources and capabilities to take the plunge. These fence sitters face a number of poten- tially critical strategic questions in the near term, such as: • What will be the consumer adoption rate for UBI, and how quickly will the market materialize? • What percentage of their book might UBI business represent? • How much would they have to invest to build a telematics capability? • What impact might telematics have on their risk segmentation and pricing scale? Next steps Where should insurers go from here? Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 19
  • 22. • What insights must they generate from telematics data to compete effectively? • How will they gather and analyze the critical mass of data they’ll need to run a viable telematics program—on their own, or through cooperative arrangements with other carriers and/or vendors? • What additional value-added services might they provide via telematics to dif- ferentiate themselves and de-commoditize their product while steering purchase and renewal decisions away from price? • What about the risk of cannibalizing their current premium customer base with UBI, while losing premium dollars in the transi- tion? On the other side of that coin, how might they counter the risk of standing pat while early adopters cherry-pick their low- est-risk policyholders and convince them to switch carriers by offering discounted UBI coverage? • Is UBI primarily a strategy to generate new business, or for retaining the best risks in an existing book? Or are both goals achievable in tandem? • How much of an advantage might first- movers enjoy? How far behind do carriers risk falling, and how much business might they lose, by waiting to enter the UBI field? How fast a follower do they need to be to catch up before they suffer significant ero- sion of their best risks? No matter how you slice it, getting up to speed in the telematics market will take time. While fence-sitting carriers don’t necessarily have to be fast followers, they will likely need to be reasonably quick followers. However, there may be a greater risk in waiting too long versus getting started too soon, as carriers fall- ing too far behind the UBI leaders may not be able to catch up. At a minimum, later adopters will likely face a greater burden in terms of leveraging telematics data and deriving value from it. Even if telematics develops more slowly than anticipated, the insights gained should benefit other elements of a carrier’s business, such as in claims, with investigators gaining access to more real-time, objective evidence about the conditions surrounding an accident. What about the naysayer carriers? Then there are the naysayers—those car- riers determined to make do with stan- dard underwriting and pricing criteria. But even those stand- ing on the sidelines by choice will likely be impacted by telematics, especially if UBI becomes the standard for a mate- rial portion of drivers over time. Eventually, non- UBI carriers could end up being niche players catering to consumers who simply don’t want insurers in their proverbial back seats, or who feel their driving behavior will not warrant discounts. This duality (the naysaying insurer and the naysaying customer) could define a new set of non-standard auto insurers. One question is whether non-UBI carriers can match the prices offered by telematics- driven competitors for the best drivers, and can they do so profitably by sticking with standard There may be a greater risk in waiting too long versus getting started too soon with UBI. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 20
  • 23. pricing criteria? Another, perhaps bigger, chal- lenge is how those without UBI products will compete with those offering an enhanced cus- tomer experience with telematics via immedi- ate feedback to drivers and the potential allure of gamification and loyalty programs. Carriers that choose not to go the UBI route will likely have to formulate and execute an alternative retention and growth strategy, if only to ward off the competitive threat posed by those employing telematics. The challenge is whether an insurer can come up with an attractive value proposition for that naysayer consumer segment by rely- ing on more traditional underwriting criteria while also introducing value-added services and product features to help differentiate and de-commoditize personal auto insurance. What’s the bottom line? UBI has already significantly disrupted the auto insurance market, as more and more carriers look to change the way they assess and price risks based on telematic data. For the next decade and beyond, UBI will continue to evolve as auto insurers gener- ate more data and gain additional experience analyzing it to provide actionable insights. At the same time, they will likely look to differ- entiate their UBI offerings by introducing a wider range of telematics-associated benefits and services to connect with customers at a deeper level. The goal for both UBI carriers as well as those who stick with more traditional under- writing criteria will be to somehow remain competitive in a society where behavioral monitoring may eventually become the rule rather than the exception for a grow- ing number of insurance companies and policyholders alike. Deloitte’s proprietary telematics auto insurance data bureau, designed specifically for personal auto insurers, offers a unique, feature-rich, company- branded mobile phone application and cloud-based telematics solution that captures and scores driver risk and reports on policyholder driving behaviors while engaging drivers via value-added features through the mobile app and an online portal. Insurer data flows to a secure member- only bureau where insurers have full access to their company’s UBI data and access to all other bureau members’ de-identified data. Reach out to any of the contacts listed in this article for more information. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 21
  • 24. Just as telematics for usage-based pricing is transforming auto insurance, mobile and sensory technologies that monitor a variety of other personal behaviors are likely to eventu- ally transform additional lines, including life, health, and property coverage. This bodes well for consumers looking for premium discount options beyond auto insurance. But from the insurance provider’s perspec- tive, besides leveraging telematics for more accurate underwriting and pricing, real-time monitoring devices could also help estab- lish more frequent connections with—and increased loyalty from—their customers. Cultivating strong client relationships has until now been largely problematic for most insurers, given the dearth of touch- points throughout the insurance lifecycle. Traditionally, the insurer’s opportunity to con- nect with a client only appeared at the point of sale, renewals, or during the claims process. Moreover, with the progression of insurance aggregator and price comparison websites, it’s easier than ever for consumers to switch carri- ers if they have a bad claims experience or find a cheaper price. The paradox for insurers is how to craft a client-centric strategy to strengthen customer loyalty and retention despite the unremitting pursuit of lower pricing. Emerging technology that can measure consumer behavior across a gamut of activities may potentially be a means to this end, as it offers tangible benefits for value-conscious consumers, while making insurers relevant in the everyday lives of their policyholders. This behavioral data provides novel approaches for insurers to better under- stand, serve, and retain consumers. By harnessing continuously streaming “quantified self” data through smartphones or devices such as wearable or embedded body sensors, insurers could theoretically capture a huge array of personal data and use it to ana- lyze a person’s movement, environment, vital signs, and psychological and physical behavior. For example, life insurers could potentially harness data from devices that monitor daily activity levels, heart rate, nutrient consump- tion, and sleep patterns to more accurately underwrite their policies. Eventually, consum- ers concerned about privacy may seek to own their own telematics data and be able to pres- ent that asset to whichever provider they apply to for coverage—the equivalent of a personal telematics resume. For any type of insurer employing telemat- ics, this may not immediately lead to higher market share or profitability. It may even put a short-term squeeze on revenues given the need to compensate participating consumers Added insight Taking telematics beyond auto insurance Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 22
  • 25. with discounted pricing on top of investments to finance infrastructure supporting the new strategic initiative. So, how then is telematics a “win” for insur- ers, auto and beyond? For one, personalized behavior monitoring is poised to elevate the frequency of insurer- client touch-points, thereby strengthening relationships amid a clientele with diminishing brand loyalty. For another, a greater understanding of customers will allow insurers to build prod- ucts more tailored to consumer needs. (It is important to note here that consumers and likely regulators will expect a choice to opt in or out of monitoring features, based on privacy concerns and how the information will be used and shared.) Insurers can further provide incentives to consumers to opt into behavior monitoring by highlighting the benefits over and above the obvious premium savings. Insurer-client con- nections can be reinforced through real-time, behavior-related, value-added services. Among these are the following: • Focused advertising and marketing messages • Travel, retail, and service provider sugges- tions based on location • Rewards for reaching fitness or healthy consumption goals • Recommendations for more beneficial lifestyle choices Moreover, to illustrate how telematics might provide tangible benefits to consumers beyond price savings, note that in auto insur- ance, monitoring users tends to improve their driving habits, leading to reduced accident rates.5 This “nudge effect” could carry over to the use of telematics in other lines of coverage. Imagine the benefits to society if insurers also monitored health, fitness, workplace safety, home maintenance, and other behaviors. As the technology used to measure behav- ior becomes more mobile-device-driven and increasingly cost-effective, it could help boost adoption as well. However, while the cards seem to be stacked in favor of behavior monitoring adop- tion across the insurance universe, there may be a few hurdles that will need to be overcome. For example, implementation may require more nimble data management and warehous- ing systems, while privacy and data security programs might have to be fortified to reassure both consumers and regulators. Insurers in general are unlikely to thrive through discounting programs alone—and telematics-based products are no excep- tion. Ideally, telematics may offer a way out of having to compete solely on price, as strengthening customer bonds is elevated to a more prominent position in an insurer’s strategy thanks to the benefits derived from behavioral monitoring. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 23
  • 26. The number of global insurance telemat- ics users is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate of 90 percent, reaching 89 million in 2017, according to ABI Research.6 However, the speed of uptake varies by region. Europe is quickly developing the most com- manding penetration of telematics insurance products. Italy is the region’s current leader, but the United Kingdom is expected to close the gap by 2020. Conversely, the Asia-Pacific region is still struggling with barriers to UBI implementation, including regulatory restric- tions on pricing, the relative lack of insurance telematics-monitoring capabilities, and the ratio of UBI expenses relative to insurance product costs. The exclusion of gender from the auto insurance ratings dynamic in Europe due to concerns about the appearance of discrimi- nation may also accelerate the adoption rate of UBI in the region, as those who see their premiums rise as a result look to validate their superior driving performance with telematics. Pursuit of fair pricing, particularly for younger drivers who pay higher premium rates based solely on their age, is also driving interest. Perhaps even more influential to UBI adoption abroad is the push from several governments, including Italy and the United Kingdom, to motivate better driving behavior, which telematics surveillance is designed to promote. Indeed, vehicles fitted with telemat- ics devices are becoming mandatory in several European countries, with others expected to follow suit. Subject matter specialists at Deloitte UK suggest a conservative UBI adoption rate of 15–18 percent in the United Kingdom and Italy. They believe faster growth is unlikely due to uncertainties over monitoring device installation and consumer adoption, as well as whether such devices will endure as the preferred UBI data gathering method or eventually be supplanted by smartphones, as is expected to be the case in the United States. However, while the United States and Europe are in the early throes of UBI adoption, with the attraction to consumers being the lure of cheaper premiums, the growth of telematics in China’s auto insurance market is currently hindered by a number of obstacles. Telematics in the Asia-Pacific region for now is available mainly as a luxury embed- ded in high-end autos to access concierge and location services from call-center opera- tors. Regulatory restrictions over how insur- ance coverage is priced, a dearth of devices and other options, and the lack of uptake by insurance carriers currently hinder telemat- ics growth for auto insurance and will likely remain barriers for at least the next few years. As mobile technology continues to prolifer- ate, however, the potential exists for mobile apps for telematics monitoring to hasten adop- tion in the Asia-Pacific market, if regulatory restrictions over pricing can be overcome. Added insight Telematics goes global, but speed bumps remain Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 24
  • 27. Endnotes 1. As used in this document, “Deloitte” means Deloitte Consulting LLP, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte LLP and its subsidiaries. Certain services may not be avail- able to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. 2. Sam Friedman and Aditya Udai Singh, Voice of the personal lines insurance consumer: Buy- ers in the driver’s seat, Deloitte University Press, February 2013, http://dupress.com/ articles/the-voice-of-the-personal-lines-consumer/?ind, accessed April 7, 2014. 3. Deloitte, Insurance tech trends 2013, Deloitte Development LLC, July 2013, http:// www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/Insurance-Financial-Services/ d344c6b3a42ef310VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD.htm, accessed April 7, 2014. 4. Federal Trade Commission, “Consumer information: How credit scores affect the price of credit and insurance,” September 2013, http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0152- how-credit-scores-affect-price-credit-and-insurance, accessed April 7, 2014. 5. Becky Yerak, “Devices map your driving habits, can help save money on insurance premiums,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2012. 6. ABI Research, “89 million insurance telematics subscribers globally by 2017,” Reuters, February 10, 2012. Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 25
  • 28. Acknowledgements Thank you to our sponsors, Andrew Goldberg, director, Deloitte Consulting LLP, John Lucker, principal, Deloitte Consulting LLP and Sandeep Puri, director, Deloitte Consulting LLP for their dedication to this project. The center wishes to thank the following Deloitte client service professionals for their insights and contributions to this report: William Mullaney, senior advisor to the insurance practice, Deloitte Consulting LLP Howard Mills, director and chief advisor, Insurance Industry Group, Deloitte LLP Timothy Cercelle, director, Deloitte & Touche LLP Malika Gandhi, senior manager, Deloitte Consulting LLP Jared Goldstein, manager, Deloitte Consulting LLP Jun Yan, specialist leader, Deloitte Consulting LLP The center also wishes to thank the following Deloitte professionals for their support and contribu- tions to this report: Rachel Moses, senior marketing specialist, Deloitte Services LP Courtney Scanlin, insurance marketing leader, Deloitte Services LP Aditya Udai Singh, assistant manager, Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 26
  • 29. Contacts Industry leadership Gary Shaw Vice Chairman US insurance leader Deloitte LLP +1 973 602 6659 gashaw@deloitte.com Deloitte Center for Financial Services Jim Eckenrode Executive director Deloitte Center for Financial Services Deloitte Services LP +1 617 585 4877 jeckenrode@deloitte.com Sponsors John Lucker Principal Deloitte Consulting LLP +1 860 725 3022 jlucker@deloitte.com Sandeep Puri Director Deloitte Consulting LLP +1 212 618 4436 sanpuri@deloitte.com Author Sam Friedman Research leader, insurance Deloitte Center for Financial Services Deloitte Services LP +1 212 436 5521 samfriedman@deloitte.com Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs 27
  • 30. About the Center for Financial Services The Deloitte Center for Financial Services (DCFS), part of the firm’s US Financial Services practice, is a source of up-to-the-minute insights on the most important issues facing senior-level decision makers within banks, capital markets firms, mutual fund companies, private equity firms, hedge funds, insurance carriers, and real estate organizations. We offer an integrated view of financial services issues, delivered through a mix of research, industry events, and roundtables, and provocative thought leadership—all tailored to specific orga- nizational roles and functions. Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics 28
  • 31.
  • 32. About Deloitte University Press Deloitte University Press publishes original articles, reports and periodicals that provide insights for businesses, the public sector and NGOs. Our goal is to draw upon research and experience from throughout our professional services organization, and that of coauthors in academia and business, to advance the conversation on a broad spectrum of topics of interest to executives and government leaders. Deloitte University Press is an imprint of Deloitte Development LLC. This publication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms, or its and their affiliates are, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your finances or your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your finances or your business, you should consult a qualified professional adviser. None of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms, or its and their respective affiliates shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this publication. About Deloitte Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee, and its network of member firms, each of which is a legally separate and independent entity. Please see www.deloitte.com/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited and its member firms. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte LLP and its subsidiaries. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Copyright © 2014 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited Follow @DU_Press Sign up for Deloitte University Press updates at www.dupress.com.