Plant Manufacturing and Building Facilities Engineering

1. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS WATER
September 2014
Supply Chain Manufacturing & DC Facilities Logistics Operations Planning Management
Expertise in Process Engineering Optimization Solutions & Industrial Engineering Projects Management

2. Water
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Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (invisible water
vapor in the air). Clouds are accumulations of water droplets,
condensed from vapor-saturated air
Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms
even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients
Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is
tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic color of water and ice is a
very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small
quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas
All of the components in cells (proteins, DNA and
polysaccharides) are dissolved in water, deriving their structure
and activity from their interactions with the water.
Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases
with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as
sodium chloride.

3. Water
Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors
Humans, and other animals, have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the
purity of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid
The taste of spring water and mineral water, often advertised in marketing of consumer
products, derives from the minerals dissolved in it.
The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence of toxins, pollutants,
and microbes, not to the absence of naturally occurring minerals
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The water cycle refers to the
continuous exchange of water
within the hydrosphere,
between the atmosphere,
soil water, surface water,
groundwater, and plants

4. Water
Heat exchange
Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems,
due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating.
Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea
Condensing steam is a particularly efficient heating fluid because of the large heat of
vaporization. A disadvantage is that water and steam are somewhat corrosive
In almost all electric power stations, water is the coolant, which vaporizes and drives
steam turbines to drive generators
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5. Water
Purification methods
Double distillation
Double-distilled water (abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by slow
boiling the uncontaminated condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling
Deionization
Deionized water, also known as demineralized water, is water that has had almost all of its
mineral ions cations removed such as
sodium, calcium, iron, and copper,
and anions such as chloride and sulfate.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable
membrane, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure that can remove
many types of molecules and ions from solutions, and is used in both industrial
processes and the production of potable water
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6. Water
Water treatment describes industrial-scale processes that make water more acceptable
for an end-use, which may be drinking, industrial, or medical
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Water treatment should remove existing water
contaminants or reduce their concentration
so that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use,
safely returning used water to the environment
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose is of solids separation using
physical processes such as settling and filtration,
and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation
Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes
may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters

7. Water
Disinfection by means of UV lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be
employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse osmosis process
Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which
may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction,
backwash, compromised pipes, etc
Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic)
If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to
raise the pH during water purification processes
Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness
Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively
and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from
lead solder in pipe fittings
Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes
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8. Water
One of the first steps in a conventional water purification process is the addition of
chemicals to assist in the removal of particles suspended in water
Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and natural organic matter
Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and color of water
The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate or iron (III) salts cause
several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles
Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic
coagulants, metal hydroxide precipitates of the aluminum and iron (III) ions begin to form
These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes and through
induced mixing referred to as flocculation
Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in
suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of
sedimentation and filtration
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9. Water
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Flocculation Basin
Slow Mix
Sedimentation Basin
Floc Settling
Coagulation Tank
Clear Water Well Filtration Basin
Community
Disinfection
R.W.

10. Water
Stat
ic
water pump station
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Polymer (seasonally added )
Clarifier
Mix
er
Raw water canal Community
Filter
Treated water pump station
Filtrat
ion
Cycle
Back
washi
ng
Post
-chlori
nation
Lime

11. Water
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12. Water
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TTyyppee ooff CCllaarriiffiieerr DDeessiiggnn CCrriitteerriiaa
1. Rectangular basin
(Horizontal flow)
- Surface loading 0.83 – 2.5 m/h
- Water depth 3 – 5 m
- Detention time 1.5 – 3 h
- Width/Length > 1/5
- Weir loading < 11 m3/h.m
2. Upflow type
(Radial- Upflow)
Circular or square in shape
- Surface loading 1.3 – 1.9 m/h
- Water depth 3 – 5 m
- Settling time 1 – 3 h
- Weir loading 7 m3/h.m

13. Water
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TTyyppee ooff CCllaarriiffiieerr DDeessiiggnn CCrriitteerriiaa
3. Reactor Clarifiers
- Flocculation time : approx 20 min
- Settling time 1 – 2 h
- Surface loading 2 – 3 m/h
- Upflow velocity < 50 mm/min
- Weir loading 7.3 – 15 m3/h.m
4. Sludge Blanket Clarifier - Flocculation time : approx 20 min
- Settling time 1 – 2 h
- Surface loading 2 – 3 m/h
- Upflow velocity < 10 mm/min
- Weir loading 7.3 – 15 m3/h.m
- Slurry circulation rate : up to 3 – 5 times the raw
water inflow rate

14. Water
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15. Water
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16. Water
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17. Water
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18. Water
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19. Water
Aerobic organism
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot
ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top
where the oxygen concentration is highest
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they
gather at the bottom where the oxygen concentration is
lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can
metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire
anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen
5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolize energy
anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by
oxygen
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20. Water
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen
The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials
Insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to soluble
derivatives that become available for other bacteria
Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids
These bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional
ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide
Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide
The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic
wastewater treatments
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21. Water
Microorganisms
With the proper mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, micro-organisms are
allowed to break down organic matter to produce compost
The composting process is dependent on micro-organisms to break down organic matter
into compost
There are many types of microorganisms found in active compost of which the most
common are:
Bacteria- The most numerous of all the micro organisms found in compost
Actinobacteria- Necessary for breaking down paper products such as newspaper, bark,
Fungi- Molds and yeast help break down materials that bacteria cannot, especially lignin
in woody material.
Protozoa- Help consume bacteria, fungi and micro organic particulates
Rotifers- Rotifers help control populations of bacteria and small protozoans
In addition, earthworms not only ingest partly composted material, but also continually re-create
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aeration and drainage tunnels as they move through the compost

22. Water
Actual record A B C D E F
pH 6.1 7.3 7.5 6.9 5.5 7.4
COD 575.0 683.0 259.0 373.0 257.0 26.0
BOD 416.0 373.0 209.0 288.0 244.0 1.0
SS 194.0 428.0 158.0 134.0 78.0 1.0
FOG 81.5 112.0 7.2 32.6 2.4 -
Specifications
pH 6 - 8 6 - 7 6.4 7 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 9
COD 2,000.0 1,000.0 120.0
BOD 1,400.0 250.0 175.0 770.0 420.0 20.0
SS 660.0 500.0 350.0 165.0 275.0 30.0
FOG 1,000.0 30.0 30.0 60.0 45.0 5.0
Waste Water Flow m3/day
A.- Kitchen 1,300.0
D.- Kitchen Dap tank capacity 650 m3 x 2 1,300.0
B.- Soil 1,900.0
C.- Soil Sceptic Tank capacity 2000 m3 1,900.0
E.- Equalizer Tank flow 3200 m3 3,200.0
F.- Efluent flow water 3,200.0
Actual level of BOD > specs at B & C
Actual level of FOG> specs at B
Recommendation: use anaerobic bacteria Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
at Sceptic Tank in dosis per week as follows 15 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm
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7 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 1 kg
1st application early Monday morning 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg
2nd application 6 hrs later on Monday 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg

23. Water
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24. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS WATER
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