1. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
A computer is a device capable of performing
computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human
beings can.
Computer is an electronic machine which is use for
data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as
Information.
What is Computer?
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2. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Why Computers?
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3. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)
First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Second generation (1955 to 1965)
Third generation (1966 to 1970)
Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
Fifth generation (1980 to present)
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4. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Mechanical calculators was developed as
computing device.
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5. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by
Mr. J.Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at
University of Pennsylvania.
It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot
space.
It produced large amount of heat.
Its speed was very slow.
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6. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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7. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
In this second generation vacuum tubes was
replaced by transistors.
Speed / performance of this generation computers
was improved in comparison to first generation
computers.
Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using
transistors.
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8. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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9. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s
(Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of thousands electronic
components on single silicon chip ).
Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
Speed / performance was high in comparison to third
generation.
Heat produced by computers was reduced.
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10. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
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11. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale
Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic
components on silicon chip)
These are low cast, small size and high performance in
comparisons to third generation computers
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12. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
Size and cost of these computers is very less and
performance is very high
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13. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A computer can be divided into two main categories:
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1. Hardware
Hardware is basically anything that you can touch
with your fingers.
2. Software
For computer hardware to work it must follow a set
of instructions that is supplied to it as software.

14. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,
• Computer Case
• CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Speakers
• Printer
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15. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
The term software refers to the set of instructions
that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
Application
Software
System
Software (OS)
Hardware
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16. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1. System Software/Operating System
System Software are used to control all
components of computer and serves as an
interface between user and hardware.
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1. Control all Components of Computer
2. Interface b/w user and Hardware

17. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
2. Application Software
Application software is used or design for the
specific purpose of the user.
for example
MS-WORD
MS-EXCEL
Corel Draw
Game
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MS-POWER POINT
Acdsee
Paint
MS-ACCESS

18. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
3. Utility Software
Utility Software is used to remove any problem or
solve a complex situation in computer.
for example
Partition Magic
Antivirus
Security Software
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Backup utility
Data Recovery
Win Ghost

19. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Bit:
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One digit, either 0 or 1
Byte:
any combination of 0 or 1.
also called an octet.
Bits n Bytes

20. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Computer only understand 0 or 1
0
1
OFF
ON
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21. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
00011001
25
10110011
179
01000001
A
The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
The number 179 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:
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= =
= =
= =

22. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
INPUT
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Exam Results!
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Information for the Exam

23. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Consists of four parts where each part involves one
or more specific components of the computer.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage
Information Processing Cycle
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24. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input Processing Output
Storage
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25. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input
Storage
Data Information
Input: A computer receives
dP
arto
a
ce
v
sis
a
ing
an input deO
vu
ic
tp
e
utsuch
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as the keyboard.

26. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input Processing Output
Storage
Data Information
Processing: A computer
program performs operations
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on the data to transform it
into information.

27. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input
Data
Output: A computer produces
the output through an output
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Pr
d
oe
ce
v
sis
c
in
e
g such as th
O
e
utm
puo
t nitor to
display the resu
In
lt
fo
o
rm
f
a
th
tio
e
n
S
ptr
o
o
ra
c
ge
essing operations.

28. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Output
Storage
Data Information
Storage: A computer stores
the result of the processing
operations in a storage device
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Input such as thP
e
roh
ce
a
sr
sd
ing
disk.

29. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input Processing Output
Storage
Adds each item
cost together
 Organizes data
 Computes total
due
Note book
RM 4.50 each
Eraser
RM 0.80 each
Pen
RM 1.50 each
Stapler
RM 2.20 each
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30. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
So
Computer is an Electronic device which can:
1. accept data
2. process it
3. give the result after that processing
4. and also store processed data Input
Output
Processing
Storage
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31. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
PC four major functions are:
Input data
Process data
Output information
Store data and information
DATA IN
INFORMATION
OUT
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32. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Data vs. Information
Data is a representation of a fact or idea
Number
Word
Picture
Sound
Information is data that has been organized or
presented in a meaningful.
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
examples of data
3547 Ahmad
examples of information
City-Kuala Lumpur
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Roll No. 3547 Name-Ahmad
Country-Malaysia

33. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
2 + 2 = 4
Data vs. Instruction
Instruction
DATA Information
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34. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A Typical Personal Computer
System unit Display device
External device
External device
Input devices
A Personal Computer:
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35. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
KLMU
1 User type “KLMU”
2 Keyboard converts
characters to a binary
code; bits are transmitted
to memory and to CPU for
processing
3 All processing and storage
are done in binary form 4 Transmission to
printer is in binary
form
5 Printer converts binary code
to characters before printing
K
_LMU_
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36. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Temporary
storage
Output
Input
RAM
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Permanent
storage
Monitor
Speaker
Printer
Webcam
Scanner
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37. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Enter data to be processed
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Keyboard
Scanners
Mouse
Trackball
Touch screen
Microphone
Game Controller
Digital camera

38. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Cabinet that houses all components
Motherboard
CPU
Memory modules System Unit
System Unit
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39. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A processor present in system unit is the part that is
like a computer’s brain.
A system unit is a personal computer component that
houses other devices necessary for the computer to
function.
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40. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Chassis
Memory chips
Disk drives
The System Unit
Cooling device
Microprocessor
(under cooling device)
Power Supply
Ports
Adapter Card
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41. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Display Device
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A display device is a personal computer component
that enables users to view the text and graphical data
associated with a computer program.

42. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Input Devices
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An input device is a personal computer component
that enables users to enter data or instructions into a
computer.

43. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
External Devices
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There are several categories of external devices:
Microphone
Digital camera
Scanner
Speakers
Printer
Network device
External drive

44. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
System Unit Components
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The system unit itself has several important sub-
components, such as:
System Board
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
System Bus
Storage devices

45. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Expansion slots
AGP slot
Ports
CPU
RAM slots
Drive interfaces
The System Board
The system board is the personal computer component that
acts as the backbone for the entire computer system.
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46. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes
called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the
calculations take place.

47. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Memory
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Memory is the personal computer component that
comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or
non-volatile.

48. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Hard Drive
Controller
Video
Controller
Memory
System Bus
CPU
The System Bus
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The system bus is the main communication path
between the CPU and memory.

49. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Storage Devices
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A storage device is a system unit component, such
as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for
reuse at a later time, even after the personal
computer is shut down and restarted.

50. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Internal view
External view
Wires from the power supply
to the system board and drives
Fan
Voltage switch
Socket for power cord
Power switch
Power Supplies
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A power supply is an internal computer component that
converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC
power needed by system components.

51. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Cooling Systems
Fan
Heat sink
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Computer systems contain several components that
require cooling:
The computer case
The CPU
The power supply
Some adapter cards
Some hard disk drives

52. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
PCI bus
Circuitry
Adapter Cards
An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install
into a slot on the computer’s system board to expand
the functionality of the computer.
Phone line
connection
Circuit to
connect to
phone line
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53. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Riser Cards
REAR
FRONT
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Memory slots
PCI/ISA slots on riser
Peripheral
connectors
CPU
A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system
board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards..

54. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Storage Devices
The various types of storage devices used in personal
computers are:
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
Optical Drives
Tape Drives
Solid State Storage devices
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55. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Front view 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
3.5-inch floppy disk
Rear view of floppy disk drive
Data cable
Power cable
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Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads
data from, and writes data to, removable disks made of
flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating
and enclosed in a stiff, protective, plastic case.

56. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
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HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses
fixed media, which means that the disk is built into the
drive and the drives are not removed from the computer
unless you are performing an upgrade or a repair.

57. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
An internal CD-ROM drive
An external DVD drive
A CD-R disc
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Optical Disks
An optical disk is a personal computer storage device
that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.

58. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Types of Optical Disks and Drives
Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD+R DL
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
DVD-RAM
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59. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Tape Drives
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A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that
stores data magnetically on a removable tape that is
enclosed in a tape cartridge.

60. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Compact Flash
card fits in here
43mm
36mm
USB adapter connects the
Compact Flash reader to
the computer
Solid
Slide 60 of 84
Solid state storage is a personal computer storage
device that stores data in special types of memory
instead of on disks or tape.

61. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Personal Computer Connection Methods
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The various PC connection methods are:
Ports
Personal Computer Connections
Serial Connections
Parallel Connections
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

62. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.
6-pin round
connector
25-pin D-shaped connector
15-pin D-shaped connector
Ports
A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal
computer that enables devices to be connected to the
computer.
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63. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
USB Connector
Cable
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Personal Computer Connection
A personal computer connection is a means by which
a personal computer component is attached to other
components to provide computing capabilities.

64. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
25-pin serial port
on a serial device
25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem
and 9-pin end connects to computer’s serial port
Serial Connections
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A serial connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data one bit at a time over a single wire.

65. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Parallel connector
Parallel cable
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Parallel Connections
A parallel connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data eight bits at a time over eight wires
and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.

66. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
Type B connector
connects to USB device
Type A connector connects to
USB port on the computer
or on a hub
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USB Connections
A USB connection is a personal computer connection
that enables you to connect multiple peripherals to a
single port with high performance and minimal device
configuration.

67. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
FireWire device
FireWire port
FireWire 6-pin connector
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IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
A FireWire connection is a personal computer
connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE
1394 standard.

68. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
SCSI connector
SCSI cable
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Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Connections
A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection
that connects internal and external components to the
system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.

69. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
PATA connector
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Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
A PATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a parallel data channel from a disk
controller to the disk drives.

70. TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
SATA data cable
SATA power cables
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections
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A SATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a serial data channel between the drive
controller and the disk drives.

71. TOPIC
Personal
Computer
Mobile Computer
and Mobile
Devices
Mid-Range Server
Mainframe
Computer
Supercomputer
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer

72. TOPIC
Personal Computer
 A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output
and storage operations on its own.
 Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and
workstation.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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73. TOPIC
Notebook Computer
 Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap.
 Also called a laptop computer.
 Usually more expensive than a
desktop computer with equal
capabilities.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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74. TOPIC
Tablet PC
 A computer that is shaped like a
slate or notebook.
 Normally fitted with a touch screen
for users to enter input through a
stylus.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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75. TOPIC
Handheld Computer
 A small computer that can easily
be fit in one hand and operated by
the other hand.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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76. TOPIC
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 A small, portable computer built for
specific purposes such as for
keeping phone directories and
calendars.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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77. TOPIC
Mid-Range Server
 More powerful and larger that a workstation and can
support up to 4,000 users at one time.
 Formerly known as minicomputer.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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78. TOPIC
Mainframe Computer
 Very powerful, expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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79. TOPIC
Supercomputer
 The fastest, most powerful, most
expensive computer.
 Used for applications requiring complex
mathematical calculations.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
1.5 Categories of Computer
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