2. Requirement of TOF
Theories of failure are used to determine
the safe dimension of a component
when it is subjected to combined
stresses due to various loads.
Theories of failure are used in design by
establishing a relationship between
stresses induced under combined
loading conditions and properties
obtained from tension test like Syt & Sut
3. Various Theory Of Failure
• Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s
Theory)
• Maximum principal strain theory (St.
Venant’s theory)
• Maximum strain energy theory (Haigh’
Theory)
• Maximum Distortion energy theory (Von-
mises and Henky’s Theory)
• Maximum shear stress theory (Guest and
Treska’s Theory)
4. Maximum Principle Stress
Theory:
Condition For Failure:
σ1 > Syt or Sut
Condition for safe design:
σ1 < Syt/N or Sut/N
Where N is factor of safety.
For ductile material:
Syc > Syt > Sys
For Brittle material:
Syc > Sys > Syt
cont.
5. Maximum Principle Stress
Theory
This theory is suitable for the safe design of
machine component made up of brittle
material, because brittle material are weak in
tension
This theory is not good for design of ductile
material because shear failure may occur
But this theory is also suitable for ductile
material under following condition :
1. uniaxial state of stress condition.
2. Under biaxial state of stress when are like in
nature.
3. Hydrostatic stress condition.
7. Maximum shear stress theory
Condition For Failure:
Condition for safe design:
8. For triaxial state of stress
condiition
For biaxial state of stress: σ3=0
When σ1 & σ2 are like in nature:
σ1 < Sty/N
When σ1 & σ2 are unlike :
σ1- σ2 < Syt/N
10. MPST and MSST will give same
result under biaxial state of stress
when principle stresses are like in
nature.
M.S.S.T. is not valid under hydrostatic
stress condition (because every plane
passing through the point is principle
plane hence absolute shear stress is
zero)
M.S.S.T. Gives over safe design for
ductile material .(safe and
13. Maximum strain energy theory:
Condition For Failure:
Total strain energy/vol > [(S.E/vol)yp]TT
Condition for safe design:
Total strain energy/vol < [(S.E/vol)yp]TT
Under triaxial loading condition:
14. By putting the values in safe design condition, we get:
For Biaxial state of stress, σ3=0
• It is a equation of ellipse whose graphical
representation is shown in figure.
16. Maximum Distortion energy theory:
Condition For Failure:
Max. D.E. / volume > [(D.E./vol.)yp]TT
Condition for safe design:
Max. D.E. / volume < [(D.E./vol.)yp]TT
Max. D.E. / vol = Total S.E. /vol – volumetric S.E. / vol
17. By inserting the values of energies in D.E.equation
We got:
By inserting the values of energies in Safe design condition
We got:
18. For biaxial state of stress:
This is a equation of ellipse with
Semi major axis = 1.414 Syt
Semi minor axis = 0.816 Syt
19. Comparison of TOF
• As area bounded by curve increases ,
• failure stress increases,
• dimensions of part decreases,
• so safety and cost decreases.
20. Area of MDETcurve > area of MSST curve
So dimension of MDET < dimension of
MSST
MPST, MSST, MDET will give same result
under biaxial state of stress of same
nature i.e. σ1=σ2= σ and σ3=0
21. Conclusion:
MPST:
Best TOF for brittle material design.
Suitable for ductile material under three
case.
MSST:
Gives safe design for ductile.
MDET:
Best TOF for ductile material design.