here are the notes about plan and animal tissues

1. UNIT 5: PLANT
TISSUE
Campbell and Reece, 2010. Chapter 35 p. 738 –
745 and 750 - 751, Edulink and learning guide
notes

2. PLANT BODY ORGANS
 Plants have organs that compose of different
tissue,
 which in turn are composed of cells of
different types.
 A tissue is a group of cells with a common
function, structure or both.
 An organ consist of several types of tissues
that together carry out particular functions.

3.  The three basis plant organs are:
 Roots,
 stems
 leaves. SHOOT SYSTEM
ROOT SYSTEM
The organs are divided into
 the root system (roots and mycorhiza)
 shoot system (leaves and stems)

4. ROOTS
 Anchor plants
 Root hairs absorb water and minerals.
 Stores carbohydrates.
 Eudicots have a taproot system (one main
vertical root that give rise to lateral roots)
 Monocots have an adventitious root system
(roots that originate from the stem of a plant)

5. Fig. 35-4
Roots can be modified to
Prop roots
Many plants have modified
perform different functions:
roots
“Strangling”
aerial roots
Storage roots
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores

6. STEMS
 Consist of nodes (where leaves grow) and
internodes.
 The angle between the leave and the stem is
called the axillary bud, this can form a lateral
shoot.
 The shoot tip consist of an apical (end) bud.
 The inhibition of axillary buds by an apical
bud is called apical dominance.
 Stems support the leaves and lateral
branches of a plant.
 Stems keep the plant upright.

7. Fig. 35-5
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Storage leaves
Many plants Stem
have modified
stems
Stolon
Tubers

8.  Rhizome: Horizontal shoot that
grows just below the surface.Vertical
shoots emerge from auxillary buds on
the rhizome.
 Stolon: Horizontal shoots that grow
along the surface. Reproduce
asexually.
 Tubers: Enlarged ends of rhizome or
stolon, specialized to store food. The
eyes are clusters of auxillary buds that
mark the nodes.

9. LEAVES
 Main photosynthetic part of the plant (in
most vascular plants).
 Consist of a flattened blade and a
stalk, called a petiole.
 Monocots have no petiole.
 Monocots have parallel veins on the leaves
and Eudicots have net venation.
 Leaf shape differs: simple leaves (single leaf)
and compound leaves (where the blade
consist of smaller leaflets – leaflets have no
axillary buds.)

10. Fig. 35-6
(a) Simple leaf
DIFFERENT Petiole
LEAF Axillary bud
STRUCTURES Leaflet
(b) Compound
leaf
Petiole
Axillary bud
(c) Doubly
compound Leaflet
leaf
Petiole
Axillary bud

11. Fig. 35-7
Tendrils
Some plant species
have evolved
modified leaves Spines
that serve various
functions Storage
leaves
Reproductive leaves
Bracts

12. Tissue categories in plants
 Each plant organ has:
 dermal,
 vascular and
 ground tissues.
 Each of these three categories forms a tissue
system.
 The dermal tissue system is the plant’s outer
protective covering.
 In non-woody plants it is a single layer called the
epidermis protected by a waxy layer called the
cuticle found on stems and leaves.
 In woody plants, the protective tissue is called
periderm.

13.  Some epidermal cells are modified to form hairs –
roothairs on roots and trichomes on leaves and
stems.
 The vascular tissue system carries out transport
of materials between the root and the shoot
system.
 The two types are xylem and phloem.
 Ground tissue are neither dermal or vascular.
 Internal ground tissue is called the pith.
 Ground tissue that is external to the vascular
tissue is called cortex.
 Ground tissue includes various cells with
specialized functions such as
storage, photosynthesis and supports.

14. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
 A flowering plant has the ability to grow its entire life
because it possesses meristematic (embryonic)
tissue.
 The apical meristem are located at or near the tips of
stems and roots, where they increase the length of
their structures by means of mitosis.
 This increase in length is called primary growth.
 Monocots also have an intercalary meristem, this
allows them to regrow lost parts. (It is found between
mature tissues). EXAMPLE: GRASS CUT - GROW

15. Organization of a plant body
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE AT TIP
OF STEM
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE AT TIP
OF ROOTS

16. APICAL MERISTEM
 Produces three types of meristems, and these
develop into the three types of specialized
primary tissues in the body of the plant:
SPECIALIZED PRIMARY TISSUES:
 Protoderm gives rise to the epidermis
 Ground meristem produced ground tissue
 Procambium produces vascular tissue

17. FUNCTIONS OF SPECIALIZED
TISSUES
 Epidermal tissue: forms the outer protective
covering of a plant.
 Ground tissue fills the interior of a plant.
 Vascular tissue transports water and
nutrients in a plant and provides support.

18. EPIDERMAL
TISSUE

19. EPIDERMAL TISSUE
 Single layer of closely  Functions:
packed, flat, brick
- Cuticle minimizes
shaped cells, with a
water loss (because it
large vacuole.
has cutin)
 The aerial parts of the
- Protects the plant
plant are covered with
against bacteria.
a cuticle.
Longitudinal section
Cross section

20. Leaf contain upper and lower
epidermal cells

21. SPECIALIZE EPIDERMAL CELLS
TRICHOMES
 ROOT HAIR
 TRICHOMES ROOT HAIRS
 STOMA OF LEAF CORK CELLS
STOMATA
 CORK OF OLDER
STEMS

22. ROOT HAIRS
 They are specialized
epidermal cells of
roots.
 Unicellular outgrowth
of the epidermal cell.
 Functions:
 Increase the surface
area of the root for
absorption of water
and minerals.
 Anchor the plant.

23. TRICHOMES
 Specialized epidermal
cell of stems and leaves. CUTICLE
 Multicellular outgrowths
MULTICELLULAR
of the epidermis of
stems and leaves.
 Functions:
 Protect the plant from
sun
 Conserve moisture.
 Protect plant from
herbivores, produce toxic
substance.

24. STOMATA
 Specialized epidermal  FUNCTIONS:
cells called guard  Transpiration
cells, which are bean
shaped, enclose an  Gaseous exchange
opening called the take place through the
stoma or pore. stomata.
 The guard cells contain a
nucleus and
chloroplasts.
 It has a thick inner
membrane and a thin
outer membrane.
 Woody plants have
lenticels.

25. CLOSED- NIGHT
OPEN - DAY

26. GROUND TISSUE
•PARENCHYMA
•COLLENCHYMA
•SCLERENCHYMA

27. GROUND TISSUES

28. PARENCHYMA TISSUE
 Occur in roots, stems and FUNCTIONS:
leaves.  If they have
 Spherical, loosely chloroplasts –
packed, big, thin-walled photosynthesis.
cells with large vacuoles.  If they have leucoplasts
 Intercellular airspaces – they store products
between cells. of photosynthesis.
 They can divide to
form more specialized
cells

29. INTERCELLULAR AIR
SPACES
PARENCHYMA CELLS

30. COLLENCHYMA TISSUE
 It is composed of  FUNCTIONS:
unevenly thickened  Mechanical
primary walls with strengthening and
additional cellulose and support to plant organs
pectin deposits
especially in the corners.
 Found just beneath the
epidermis of young
stems.
 The cells are slightly
elongated, tightly
packed and overlap each
other.

32. SCLERENCHYMA TISSUE
 Cell walls have been FUNCTIONS:
thickened by impregnation
with lignin.  Strengthening, support
 The cell wall is evenly and protection.
thickened and forms a  Found in shell of nuts
waterproof barrier and hard parts of fruits
impermeable to water.  Fibers give rigidity and
 In the cell walls are pit flexibility to the plant.
canals that serve as
channels between cells and
to the outside world.
 The lumen is small.
 Two types of
Sclerenchyma:
 Stone cells and fibers

34. VASCULAR TISSUE
•XYLEM
•PHLOEM

35. XYLEM
 Contains 2 types of conducting cells: tracheids
and vessel elements (VE).
 Both cells are hollow and non-living but the VE
is larger and has perforated plates in their end
walls and are arranged to form a continuous
vessel.
 Tracheids have tapered ends with pits.
 It also has other tissue: Xylem fibers, and Xylem
parenchyma.

36. FUNCTIONS OF XYLEM
 Transports water and minerals from
the roots to the leaves.
 Support and strengthening.
Xylem vessels Xylem tracheids Xylem fibers

37. PHLOEM
 Consist of sieve-tubes and companion cells.
 The sieve-tubes form a continuous
tube, they have cytoplasm but no nuclei.
 They have sieve plates between cells.
 The companion cell has a nucleus that
controls both cells because they are
connected by plasmodesmata.
 It also has other tissue: Phloem fibers and
phloem parenchyma

38. FUNCTIONS OF PHLOEM
 Transports sucrose and other organic
substances, including hormones, from
the leaves to the roots.
 Support and strengthening.

39. Tissue organization of
Leaves
 P. 750 – 751 (SELF STUDY)
 KNOW CROSS SECTION THROUGH LEAF