2. Tuberculosis is a multi systemic
disease with myriad presentations
and manifestations is the most
common cause of infectious disease
related mortality world wide. In
addition the risk of multi drug
resistant tuberculosis is increasing
world wide.
3. Cough
Weight loss or anorexia
Fever
Night sweats
Fatigue
Chest pain
4. Spread of TB among different races of people
in the world.
Asians-30%
Hispanics-
29%
Hispanics
non – 15%African
Americans-
39%
5. HIV infected individuals have very high
incidence of tuberculosis all over the world.
Infection with Mycobacterium intra cellulare
( avian or bird strain ) is common in patients
with HIV or AIDS.
7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
hominis is a slender rod shaped
bacteria. It ranges from 0.5
microns to 3 microns in diameter.
It is neutral on gram staining. So
it undergoes acid fast staining.
9. Inhalation ( air borne disease)
Ingestion
Inoculation
Trans placental route
sputum or droplets containing microbes
from the infected patients passes through air
and infect the healthy individuals. This is
common mode of transmission.
10. The primary site of infection in the lungs,
known as the “Ghon focus” located in the
upper part of the lower lobe or lower part of
the upper lobe.
11. It means hidden tuberculosis. That is this type
of tuberculosis does not show any symptoms.
Patients with latent tuberculosis cannot
spread TB. Mostly latent condition will not
occurs. The bacterium is primarily cleared
by the host’s immune system.
12. Lungs is the most common site. 85% of patients
with TB present pulmonary complaints.
Lesions are epitheliod granuloma with
caseation necrosis.
SITE :
Alveolar macrophages in sub pleural region.
• Size- 0.5 – 3 mm nodules with 3 or 4 cellular
zones.
Shape- spherical
13. These are TB lesions occur in areas other than
lungs.
Extra pulmonary sites:
Tuberculosis meningitis
Skeletal TB
Genito urinary tract TB
Gastro intestinal TB
Cervical lymph nodes
Sterno cleido mastoid muscles
14. The infection to an individual who has not
been previously infected or immunized is
called primary or Ghon’s complex or
childhood TB.
The infection to an individual who has been
previously infected or sensitized is called
secondary or post- primary TB.
Secondary TB is of,
Endogenous- reactivation of dormant primary
complex
Exogenous- fresh dose of re infection by
mycobacterium.
15. HIV infection
Alcoholism
Diabetes mellitus ( 3 fold risk increases)
Immunosuppressive therapy
Smoking
Age below 5 years
17. Tuberculin skin test (heaf test, mantoux test)
Chest X- rays
ELISA
T spot TB test
PCR ( polymerized chain reaction)
18. Empiric treatment:
4 drugs regimen
Isoniazid
Rifamin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Continue treatment
for 9 months
MDR (Multi drug
resistant) TB
treatment:
Aminoglycoside
Fluoroquinolone
Thioamide
Pyrazinamide
Cycloserine
Terizidone – Follow
atleast the above
given three groups
19. Avoid close contact with the infected patients.
Enhance your immunity by eating diet rich in
anti oxidants.
Keep a concentration on your protein intake.
Avoid contact with the utensils of the infected
patients.
Exercise regularly.
Vaccinate your children with BCG.
Use kerchiefs while coughing or sneezing.
Avoid spitting or expectorate sputum in public
places.