FEMINIST THEORY PPT.pptx

Reporters:
ABATO, Asyah A.
ANSARI, Nihara M.
GURO, Ifanah R.
MACARASAM, Norsaimah G.
RABAJA, Rezelle Jane B.
SULTAN, Nabilah U.
Section Dd
FEMINIST
THEORY
in counseling

ABSTRACT
Feminist counseling is based on the idea that understanding a
person's problems requires taking into consideration the social,
cultural, and political context in which they occur. Feminist therapy
emerges because of women's strong response to what they
perceived to be oppressive and destructive aspects of society.
Feminist counseling is concerned with both individual and cultural
change. This report discusses the nature, basic concepts, and
application of feminist counseling and the counseling process and
methods. It also covers the paper's overarching goals, as well as
the qualities and significance of feminist counseling in women's
lives. There are also explanations of the counselor's approaches,
assessments, techniques, principles, functions, roles, and skills, as
well as the client's counseling experiences. It describes the
characteristics of an egalitarian feminist therapeutic interaction and
how feminist counselors put the theory's essential concepts into
practice

EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES
This paper aims to help researchers and readers
understand the difference between feminist theory
and feminist therapy, broaden their knowledge of
feminist theory's various perspectives, and raise
people's awareness of gender inequalities, given
that gender biases are a common problem in our
society. Also, the researchers and readers can
connect their theoretical knowledge to our own
social reality. Therefore, this study develops a
dynamic and compelling framework for critical
analysis of various societal inequities.

METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted
using a qualitative data
gathering method that
was guided by a
descriptive research
design.
In the third week of March 2022, data collection
began. The researchers used a secondary data
collection method to collect data, and to meet
their educational goals, they used online tools
to access and review relevant information from
a variety of reliable sources, including e-books,
articles, journal papers, and published research
papers and theses.

"Feminism is a movement to eradicate sexism,
sexist exploitation, and oppression," Hooks (2000)
noted.
Feminist theory, in practice, is a method of
spotlighting societal injustice, gender inequality, and
the needs of women and other oppressed groups. (1)
The personal is political; (2) empowering and valuing
the female voice, and (3) creating equal relationships
are the three fundamental pillars of feminist ideology,
as stated by La Guardia & Banner (2013).
Furthermore, Crossman (2020) wrote that feminist
OVERVIEW OF FEMINIST
THEORY

Fruchter (2022), described Feminist
Therapy, also known as multicultural-
feminist counseling or intersectional feminist
therapy, as a strengths-based approach to
therapy. It acknowledges the impact of
oppressive environmental forces on people.
THEORY

THEORY
Fundamental concepts of feminist
counseling
 gender equity, flexible-multicultural
counseling, interactionist counseling,
and life-span counseling
The voices and ways of knowing
women and girls, as well as the voices
of others who have been marginalized and
oppressed
This report discusses the following:
such as empowerment, self-
disclosure, gender-role or social
identity analysis
basic principles including
personal are political and critical
consciousness, commitment to social
change, and an egalitarian
counseling relationship
This report also proposes
strategies:

Conceptions of human nature and
woman’s nature have been used to
denying women full moral standing and
equal political rights, and any concerns,
tasks, that are related to women are
oftentimes devalued.
- Harvey, 2009
FEMINIST VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE

According to feminist theory, the philosophical
conceptions of human nature is male biased.
Feminist stated few from the numerous case –
where Aristotle regarded woman as a
“misbegotten man” and argued that a woman
isn’t fit to govern herself rather shall be governed
by someone – a man. Who have sufficient and
appropriate powers of reason.
Conceptions of human nature played a role as an
important cause of women’s submission and
NATURE

Oppression is embedded in the very
socio-economic and political
organization of the society.
Understanding of this term became a
nature to feminist.
End any forms of oppression towards
women.
NATURE

Understanding of the differences of men and
women to power is part of their goals.
“Commitmment to change oppressive
structures and to connect abstract ideas with
concrete problems for political action” is
central purpose of the Feminist theory.
- Daley and Lay, 2007
NATURE

Societal gender-role expectations greatly
influence a person’s identity from the
moment their sex is identified after they were
born, and it will be imbued in their
personality as they become an adult (Corey,
2013).
Women development is different to men, yet
they are judged by the male norms which is
what is present to male development and is
also presented as the norm (Gilligan,1997).
PERSPECTIVE OF FEMINIST TO
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Gender differences affect
human behavior in the context
of historical, political, social,
and cultural concerns, as well
as oppression that are gender
based (Daley & Lay 2007).
According to Ballou &
Brown (2006), the
individual differences
between genders and
overlaps between it
happens to be ignored
because gender norms

The systematize principle in
people’s lives is gender, where
Kaschak (1992), found out that
identities of females and males are
shaped of gender roles.

According to Corey (2013), women are bi-
cultural, for they share to other women
their own culture and deep understanding
towards male culture – that commemorate
patriarchy in order to survive, unlike men
who doesn’t have to do it also to survive.
Additionally stated that feminist reminds
of the continuous use of stereotyping
gender of women throughout the world for
as it became traditional to people in their
culture.

PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
FOCUS ON STRENGTHS
AND A
REFORMULATED
DEFINITION OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTRESS
#5
FEMINIST
COUNSELORS ARE
AWARE OF ALL
FORMS OF
#6
HONORING
WOMEN’S VOICES
AND METHODS OF
KNOWING
#4
PERSONAL
IS POLITICAL #1
CREATION OF
EGALITARIAN
RELATIONSHIP
#3
COMMITMENT
TO SOCIAL
CHANGE
#2

COUNSELING
PERSONAL
IS POLITICAL
#1
Simple and most basic of these notions
It is based on the assumption that the personal
or individual problems that women and other
members of marginalized groups bring to
counseling stem from social and political
oppression, subordination, and stereotyping
(Capuzzi & Stauffer 2016)

COUNSELING
Feminist counselors commit to social change,
which is linked with the first premise.
Feminist counselors engage with clients to help
them not just make internal, psychological
changes, but also to unite with others in working
for societal change that will free all members of
society from oppression, subordination, and social
role stereotyping (Enns 2004).
COMMITME
NT TO
SOCIAL
CHANGE
#2

COUNSELING
The counselor is seen as a secondary source of
knowledge rather than a relationship specialist.
To create egalitarian therapeutic interactions: by
empowering first the client and then model collaborative
ways of being in a relationship.
Feminist counselors value the fact that they do not
repeat the power imbalance that the client encounters in
the larger social, economic, and political spheres in the
therapeutic interaction.
#2
CREATION
OF
EGALITARIA
N
RELATIONSH
IP
#3

COUNSELING
Feminist counseling aims to assist clients to reject
androcentric conventions that pit women against
men and allow them to be marginalized by others.
Women's voices and experiences are diverse,
according to feminist counselors, and are molded
by a variety of identities, including race/ethnicity,
generational status, sexual orientation, nationality,
and ability status. (Herlihy & Corey 2013).
#4
HONORING
WOMEN’S
VOICES AND
METHODS OF
KNOWING

COUNSELING
The conflicting relationship of the feminist
when labeling mental illness, made them do
reformulate the definition of psychological
distress, for instance, the distress is reframed
and the therapist will communicate it with the
client about unjust systems (Enns, 2004;
Worell & Remer, 2003).
#5
FOCUS ON
STRENGTHS AND
A REFORMULATED
DEFINITION OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTRESS

COUNSELING
Feminist counseling has been chastised for failing to
consider sociocultural variables other than gender, as
well as neglecting the contributions of "women of color
who have made significant contributions to feminist
psychotherapy understandings that have aided our
understanding of both gender and race/ethnic biases"
(Espin, 1993, p. 104).
In recent years, feminists have become more aware of
how all people are oppressed and oppressors, dominant
and marginalized, depending on their place in a complex
#6
FEMINIST
COUNSELORS
ARE AWARE OF
ALL FORMS OF
OPPRESSION

McCarthy & Archer (2010) states that
feminist counseling is typically a short-term
counseling that focuses on individual and
social transformation.
The major purpose of feminist counseling is
to investigate power imbalances between
people and see how they may be
contributing to the patient's personal
problems.
FEMINIST COUNSELING
GOALS

Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Mercury
Empowering the
client during the
counseling
Enhancing the client's
potentials in addressing the
aspects of social
transformation
FEMINIST COUNSELING
GOALS
According to Ballou (2008) the following are the
feminist counseling goals:
Enhancing and restructuring
the personal beliefs of the
client about their identity

The central functions of feminist
counselors are to assist clients in
understanding their own abilities and
figuring out what is keeping them from
using their own resources and defining
the type of life they want to lead.
a.COUNSELOR’S
FUNCTIONS

Generally, the role of counselor
will strive to eliminate inequalities
and bias, establish a thorough
awareness of oppression, and
provide a realistic, non-
hierarchical connection based on
mutuality and equality.
a.COUNSELOR’S ROLES

NONJUDGMENTAL
ATTITUDE
ACTIVE
LISTENING
01
02
03
EMPOWERMENT
a.COUNSELOR’S
SKILLS

According to Rader & Gilbert (2005), feminist
therapy is based on nonjudgmental respect and
genuine belief in every woman's inherent value
and strength that allows the client to reclaim their
sense of dignity and self-worth which has been
destroyed by injustices.
This type of skill aims to restore a sense of dignity
and self-worth by countering the humiliation and
dehumanization experienced during the attack
(Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
NONJUDGMENTAL
ATTITUDE

Mindful speaking and active listening, discourage
defensive comments and emphasize empathy and
consideration of a person’s perspective (Worell and
Remer, 1992).
A better listener can help the counselor become more
productive, more persuasive and more able to
negotiate (Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
Therefore, listening is a skill that we can all benefit
from improving since feminists place an emphasis on
being aware of oneself while being aware of others.
ACTIVE
LISTENING

The foundation of feminist counseling derives
also from a commitment to empowering women
as well as appreciating and respecting their
perspectives, experiences and lifestyles.
An integral part of this process is empowering
clients to find their strengths and strivings and
reworking social realities in a way that allows
them to see potentials and opportunities for
growth in new ways (Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
EMPOWERMEN
T

In counseling, it is essential for the
worker to know the insights as well
as the client’s experiences during
counseling. In that way, the
counselor can develop an effective
solution to the client’s situation.
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN
COUNSELING
In addition, counselors will find it
easier to locate resources and
opportunities if they can suspend
their own perceptions and
experiences in order to genuinely
understand the client's life from their
own perspective.

SOCIAL FEMINISM
RADICAL FEMINISM
LIBERAL FEMINISM
CULTURAL FEMINISM
01
02
03
04
FOUR APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING

APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
LIBERAL FEMINISM
01
Sexism refers to the restrictions imposed on women in gender-role
socialization, culture, laws, and economics. The focus is on assisting
women to overcome these limitations and constraints that limit women from
the opportunities and roles they are supposed to have in society. Liberal
feminism believed that women and men should be seen as equal in the
eyes of law and society.

COUNSELING
According to Sharf (2004), some specific intervention techniques
are:
Gender-role analysis and intervention
Assisting clients in understanding the gender-role
expectations in their lives
Helping clients understand how social issues affect their
problems in different ways
Power analysis and powerful intervention
Emphasizing the differences of power possessed between
men and women in society
Assisting client to recognize different kinds of power they
possess, helping them to know-how and they exercise

COUNSELING
Cultural feminism acknowledges differences between women and
men and emphasizes women’s unique strengths (Enns et al., 1992,
1993). They believe that society’s discounting women’s talents and
strengths are resulting in arise of oppression against women.
Cultural feminism believes that the remedy to women’s oppression
is to feminize the culture (Draganović, 2011).
CULTURAL FEMINISM
02

COUNSELING
Assisting in the equalization of the therapeutic
relationship
Providing modeling for the client
Full discussion of values, societal beliefs, and
therapeutic procedures
According to Worrel & Remer (2003) some specific
intervention techniques are:

COUNSELING
Radical feminism views women’s oppression as embedded in the
patriarchy or the unequal distribution of power between women and men
in society. Social oppression, one of the women’s problem, challenge
patriarchy, male dominance, and men's control over women's bodies. As
a result, gender-based oppression is seen as the most fundamental and
widespread kind of oppression and is experienced by all women.
RADICAL FEMINISM
03

COUNSELING
Assertiveness training
Helping women to become aware of their interpersonal rights which
transcend stereotypical sex roles
Changing negative beliefs, and implementing changes in their daily
lives, and reframing.
According to Sharf (2004), some specific intervention
techniques are:

COUNSELING
Socialist feminists believe that gender and
socioeconomic class are both products of
oppression (Crawford & Unger et al., 2000). This
method focuses on marginalized intersectional
identities and the oppression they face as a result
of socioeconomic status, race, and other forms of
discrimination such as sexuality or religion. The
acknowledgement of these, according to social
feminism, is a remedy to multifaceted oppression
in society.
SOCIAL FEMINISM
04
Some specific intervention
techniques (Sharf, 2004):
Changing the label or evaluation
applied to the client's behavioral
characteristics

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
SELF-DISCLOSURE
GENDER ROLE OR SOCIAL
IDENTITY ANALYSIS
GENDER-ROLE INTERVENTION
POWER ANALYSIS
EMPOWERMENT
ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING
REFRAMING AND RELABELING
SOCIAL ACTION
GROUP WORK
BIBLIOTHERAPY

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Empowerment refers to the
process of assisting clients in
developing their capacities and
strengths so that they can take
control of their life.
EMPOWERMENT

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Definitions of therapist self-disclosure range from the broad, "a
process by which the self is revealed" to more specific, "therapists
actively and purposefully convey typically personal facts about
themselves to their patients through verbal behavior“.
- Stricker (1990)
SELF-DISCLOSURE

Feminist counselors use self-disclosure
to:
equalize the
client-counselor
relationship
give modeling provide informed
consent
TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
empower clients
normalize
women's
collective
experiences

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
The basic goal of this intervention is to bring previously unseen signals into conscious
awareness.
According to Worell & Remer (2003), the gender-role analysis entails the client working with
the counselor to:
(a) identify the messages she has internalized about gender and related roles;
(b) examine the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral impact of those messages and beliefs;
(c) consciously decide which messages she wants to keep and which she wants to discard;
and
GENDER ROLE OR SOCIAL
IDENTITY ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Gender role intervention includes assisting clients in
comprehending the impact of gender-role demands in their life, as
well as providing insight into how social issues affect their problems
(Corey, 2017).
The goal is to give the client a better understanding of how social
issues affect him/her
GENDER-ROLE INTERVENTION

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
"Power analysis" refers to a set of techniques for
assisting clients in understanding how unequal
access to power and resources can affect
personal circumstances (Corey, 2017).
The counselor's role is to validate the client's
reality while also assisting her in overcoming
obstacles and gaining more authority.
POWER ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Bibliotherapy entails the client reading and
processing books or articles chosen by the
counselor to assist the client understand societal
effects on his or her personal experiences
(Remer, 2003).
Clients are empowered as a result of these
reading assignments because they gain
knowledge on themes that are important to
BIBLIOTHERAPY

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Assertiveness training teaches women to stand up
for their rights without compromising and infringing
other people's rights.
This technique aims to help women in utilizing and
making use of their own personal power to
challenge their situation in an effective manner
which can result in positive changes in the client's
lives
ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
To reframe is to shift one's
point of view when seeing
someone's conduct. This shift
in perspective keeps her from
being "blamed" for her
troubles.
REFRAMING AND RELABELING
Relabeling entails a shift in
attention from negative to
positive, as well as a change in
the label used to characterize a
client's characteristic or conduct
previously - (Herlihy & Corey,
2013; Worell & Remer, 2003).

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Feminist counseling emphasizes
social action, and both clients
and counselors are encouraged
to participate in advocacy
campaigns.
SOCIAL ACTION

TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Group work therapies have been favored when
dealing with some of the challenges that women
face such as incest and sexual abuse, body image
difficulties, violence, eating disorders, and sexual
functioning. According to Herlihy & Corey (2013),
in feminist counseling, group work is especially
effective because it develops connections and
gives abundant possibilities for women to share
and empower one another.
GROUP WORK

● Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun
● Jupiter is the biggest planet
of them all
● Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
Direct discrimintion
CONCLUSION
Why did the
researcher opt for
Feminist Theory?
 The widespread and personal
experience of oppression
today.
 To change the viewpoint of
many people on the idea that
feminist theory is solely
concerned with girls and
women, and that its primary
purpose is to promote women's
superiority over males.
Feminist counseling aids in the
understanding of the complexities
and changes that occur in various
aspects of social life.
Why is Feminist
approach is relevant to
counseling?

Jodry & Trotman (2008) discussed
the basic concepts of feminist
theory:
to recognize that
social and
personal identities
are
interconnected
to examine all
persons,
regardless of their
gender or culture,
within the context
of society
to promote
egalitarian
connections in all
settings, including
the counseling
relationship

Traditional psychological
theories, as well as all
other societal norms, are
based on patriarchy.
Government policies,
history books, religious
beliefs, cultural norms,
work environments,
literature, and other
aspects of society.
CONCLUSION

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