Genetic

1. Translation:
• It is the process of synthesis of protein from mRNA with the help of ribosome
• In translation ribosome play an important role.

2. Translation unit:
• It consists of mRNA which 5’-----3’.
mRNA start codon
Regional coding for polypeptide
stop codon
untranslated region

4. The Role of tRNA
Structure and Role of tRNA
• tRNA is single stranded. Like mRNA, tRNA is a single strand with the bases U, A, C, and G.
• tRNA is a cloverleaf shape. tRNA has a slightly different structure to mRNA. The single strand of tRNA is folded up
into a cloverleaf shape.
• tRNA has two attachment sites. At one end of tRNA, there is an attachment site for amino acids. At the opposite
end of tRNA, there is an attachment site for anti-codons.

5. Process of translation:
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
1- Initiation:
It is the process in which translation start.
process:
It contain two process
• Activation of amino acid
• Transfer of amino acid in to trna

6. • In the first step, ATP and an appropriate amino acid bind to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase. ATP
is hydrolyzed releasing a pyrophosphate (PPi) and leaving an enzyme-AMP-amino acid
complex. Next, the amino acid is transferred to the enzyme, releasing the AMP. Finally, the
tRNA binds to the enzyme, the amino acid is transferred to the tRNA and the intact enzyme is
regenerated and released. The charged tRNA is ready to use in translation

7. • Initiation takes place when the small subunit of the ribosome binds with the
messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. When mRNA is bound with the small subunit
of mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the anticodon of the start codon found in
the mRNA, which is the amino acid methionine which has a code AUG.

8. Elongation:
The next step tRNA carrying the required amino acid enters the A site.
The tRNA and its amino acid attaches to the A binding site.
The methionine amino acid at the P site is bonded to the amino acid at the A site.
There is a peptide bond formation between two amino acid.
The tRNA at the p site is now free of amino acid.

9. Termination:
The ribosome will eventually reach a stop a codon.
The three stop codon are
UGA
UAG
UAA
Since the stop codons do not code for an amino acid there are no corresponding tRNAs.
A protein known as release factor recognizes that the ribosome has stopped translating.
The release factor helps in the release factor of the polypeptide chain from the ribosomes.
The two subunits fall off the mRNA and translation officially stop.

10. Difference Between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation