1. BETTY NEUMANN’S THEORY
Moderator Mr. L. Gopichandranan
lecturer CON AIIMS
PRESENTATED BY
MR. MAHESH KUMAR SHARMA
M.SC. NURSING 1ST YEAR
CON AIIMS
2. BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• Betty Neumann’s system model provides a comprehensive, flexible, holistic
and system based perspective for nursing.
• It focuses attention on the response of the client system to actual or potential
environmental stressors.
3. BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• The use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention
intervention for retention, attainment, and maintenance of optimal
client system wellness.
4.
5. HISTORY ANDBACKGROUNDOF THE THEORIST
• Betty Neumann was born in 1924, in Lowel, Ohio.
• Completed B.Sc. nursing in 1957, and M.S. in Mental
Health Public health consultation, from UCLA in 1966.
• She holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.
6. HISTORY ANDBACKGROUNDOF THE THEORIST
• A pioneer in the community mental health movement in the late
1960s.
• Began developing her health system model, while a lecturer in
community health nursing at University of California, Los Angeles.
7. HISTORY ANDBACKGROUNDOF THE THEORIST
• The models was initially developed, in response to graduate
nursing students expression of a need for course content, that
would expose them to breadth of nursing problems, prior to
focusing on specific nursing problem areas.
8. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST
• The model was published in 1972 as “A Model for Teaching Total
Person Approach to Patient Problems” in Nursing Research.
• It was refined, and subsequently published in the first edition of
Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice, in 1974, and in the
second edition in 1980.
9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL
• Neumann’s model was influenced by a variety of sources.
• The philosophy writers de Chardin and cornu (on wholeness in
system).
• Von Bertalanfy, and Lazlo on general system theory.
• Selye on stress theory.
• Lararus on stress and coping.
10. NEUMANN’S WORK & THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be the bases for hypotheses, that can be tested.
• Theories contribute to and assist in, increasing the general body
of knowledge within the discipline, through the research
implemented to validate them.
11. NEUMANN’S WORK & THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories connects the interrelated concepts in such a way, as to
create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon.
• Theories must be logical in nature .
• Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable.
12. NEUMANN’S WORK & THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be utilized by the practitioner, to guide and improve
their practice.
• Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws
and principles but will leave open unanswered questions, that
need to be investigated.
14. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
1. Each client system is unique, a composite of factors and characteristics within a given range
of responses contained within a basic structure.
I am unique
15. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
2. Many known, unknown and universal stressors exist.
Each differ in it’s potential for disturbing a client’s usual
stability level or normal Line of Defense.
16. 3. Stressors both universal and known; some are unique to
the client. They have potential to disturb equilibrium, thus
causing a change in priority of needs at any given moment.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Stressors disturbs the
normal equilibrium
17. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
4. Man is a composite of the interrelationship of the four
variables ( biological, psychological, socio-cultural and
developmental) which are at all times present.
18. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
5. Each client/ client system has evolved a normal range of responses
to the environment that is referred to as a normal Line of Defense.
The normal Line of Defense can be used as a standard from which
to measure health deviation.
19. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
6. When the flexible Line of Defense is no longer capable of protecting
the client/ client system, against an environmental stressor, the
stressor breaks through the normal Line of Defense.
21. 8.Primary prevention relates to general knowledge
applied to clients assessment to identify stressors
before they occur.
9.Secondary prevention relates to symptomatology.
These are interventions generally initiated after an
encounter with a stressor.
10.Tertiary prevention relates to the adaptive process, as
reconstitution begins and moves back towards primary
prevention. These are the interventions initiated after
treatment.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
24. 1.PERSON
Each layer consists of five person variable or subsystems:
Physiological- Refer to the physiochemical structure and
function of the body. Psychological- Refers to mental
processes and emotions. Socio-cultural- Refers to
relationships; and social/cultural expectations and activities.
Spiritual- Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
Developmental- Refers to those processes related to
development over the lifespan.
25. 2.ENVIRONMENT
The internal environment exists within the client system.
The external environment exists outside the client system.
A created environment which is an environment that is created and
developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of system
wholeness.
26. 3.HEALTH
Neuman sees health as being equated
with wellness. She defines
health/wellness as “the condition in
which all parts and subparts
(variables) are in harmony with the
whole of the client (Neumann, 1995)”.
27. 3.HEALTH
The client system moved toward
wellness when more energy is
available than is needed.
The client system moves toward illness
and death when more energy is
needed than is available.
.
28. 4.
NURSING
Neuman sees nursing as a unique
profession that is concerned with all of
the variables, which influence the
response a person might have to a
stressor. The person is seen as a whole,
and it is the task of nursing to address
the whole person.
29. 4. NURSING
Neuman defines nursing as “action
which assist individuals, families and
groups to maintain a maximum level
of wellness, and the primary aim is
stability of the patient/client system,
through nursing interventions to
reduce stressors.’’
30. 4. NURSING
• The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of reaction to stressors, and
the use of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
Primary
Prevention
Secondary
Prevention
Tertiary
Prevention
32. STAGES OF NURSING PROCESS
(BY NEUMAN)
Nursing
Diagnosis
Nursing Goal
Nursing
Outcome
33. STAGES OF NURSING PROCESS
(BY NEUMAN)
1. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• It depends on acquisition of appropriate database; the diagnosis identifies, assesses,
classifies, and evaluates the dynamic interaction of the five variables.
• Variances from wellness (needs and problems) are determined by correlations and
constraints through synthesis of theory and data base.
• Broad hypothetical interventions are determined, i.e. maintain flexible line of
defense.
34. STAGES OF NURSING PROCESS
(BY NEUMAN)
2. NURSING GOALS
• These must be negotiated with the patient, and take account of patient’s and
nurse’s perceptions of variance from wellness.
3. NURSING OUTCOMES
• Nursing intervention using one or more preventive modes.
• Confirmation of prescriptive change or reformulation of nursing goals.
• Short term goal outcomes influence determination of intermediate and long
– term goals.
• A client outcome validates nursing process.
38. •As a curriculum guide for a
conceptual framework oriented
more toward wellness than toward
a medical model and has been used
at various levels of nursing
education.
•Developing a frame of reference
centered on holistic care.
EDUCATION
39. •The identification of
congruence between the
client’s perception of stressors
and the Method of collecting
and analyzing data for
identifying client problems.
care giver’s perception of
client stressors.
RESEARCH
• Case management of
patients.
• Total quality management is
used to prepare health care
administrators for future.
ADMINISTR
ATION
40. NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
CONCEPT MAP:
NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS
MODEL CONCEPT
MAP
CLIENT
SPIRITUAL
PHYSIO
LOGICAL
DEVELOP
MENTAL
PSYCHO
LOGICAL
SOCIO
CULTURAL
CLIENT SYSTEM
CENTRAL
CORE
FLEXIBLE
LINES
NORMAL
LINES
LINES OF
RESISTANCE
ENVIRONMENT
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
CREATED
HEALTH
WELLNESS ILLNESS
NURSING
PREVENTIO
N
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
NURSING
PROCESS
DIAGNOSIS
GOALS
OUTCOMES
STRESSORS
INTRAPERSONAL INTERPERSONAL EXTRAPERSON
AL
41. SUMMARY
Introduction of theory
History and background of theorist
Development of model
Characteristics of theory
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Applications in nursing practice
