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Energy recovery from municipal solid waste (WASTE-TO-ENERGY)
1. ENERGY RECOVERY FROM
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN KURDISTAN
(WASTE-TO-ENERGY)
Mahmoud Mahmoud
Assistant Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Cihan University – Erbil
March 04,2020
4. Classification of Waste
On the basis of Physical State
–Solid Waste
–Liquid Waste
–Gaseous Waste
According to Original Use
–Food Waste
–Packaging Waste etc.
6. The important parameters
to characterize the waste
are:
Waste composition
Moisture content
Waste particle size
Waste density
Temperature and pH
7. Sources of Solid Wastes
Agricultural Waste : Waste arising from
agricultural practice.
Mining Waste: Mainly inert material
from mineral extracting industries.
Energy Production Waste: Waste from
energy production units including ash from
coal burning.
Industrial Waste: Wastes generated by
various industries.
8. Dredging Waste: Organic and mineral
wastes from dredging operations.
Construction and Demolition Waste:
Bricks, brick bats, concrete, asphaltic material,
pipes etc.
Treatment Plant Waste: Solids from grit
chambers, sedimentation tank, sludge digesters
of waste water treatment plant.
Residential Waste: Garbage including food
waste, paper, crockery and ashes from fires,
furniture.
9. Commercial Waste: Similar to
residential wastes produced from offices,
shops, restaurants etc.
Institutional Waste: Similar to
residential wastes plus hazardous, explosive,
pathological and other wastes which are
institution specific (hospital, research institute
etc.)
10. Municipal Solid Wastes
What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?
The MSW refers to all wastes collected by
local authority or municipality and is the most
diverse category of waste.
MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural,
mining, energy production and dredging
wastes.
11.
12.
13. Waste Quantities
Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons
per year)
Country Agricult
ural
Mining C&D Sewage
sludge
Energy
Producti
on
Industry MSW
UK 260 240 35 27 13 62 110
USA - 1400 31.5 8.4 63 430 133
INDIA - 700-
900
7.2 - 60 - 24
ERBIL 400
Ton/day
14. Quantities of MSW generated in different
countries
Country Kg/person/day
India 0.25 to0.33
Srilanka 0.40
Singapore 0.85
UK 0.95 to 1.0
Japan 1.12
USA 1.25 to 2.25
Erbil 0.420
15. Characteristics of Solid Waste
in Erbil
The general composition of solid waste being
generated in Erbil is 46% Food & Garden
waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3% Metal, 4%
Plastic/ Rubber, 6 % and 36 % Paper.
recycled or it is potentially recyclable (13.79%
can be recycled, 85.87% is
Food remains represent the largest
16. Management of Solid waste
There are two
fundamental objectives of
solid waste management.
To minimize the waste.
To manage the waste
still produced.
17. Hierarchy of Integrated SWM
17
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling and
composting
Incineration
Landfill
18. Resource Recovery Through Waste
Processing
Biological Treatment
Composting
Anaerobic digestion/Biogasification
Thermal Treatment
Incineration
Refuse Derived Fuel Burning
Physical Treatment
Making building blocks/bricks from inert waste
Chemical Treatment
To recover compounds such as glucose, synthetic oil and
cellulose acetate etc.
19. Method of disposal
1. Open Dumping
2.Controlled Sanitary Landfill
3. Incineration
4. Composting
20. The components of the
engineered landfill are
– Liner system
– Leachate collection and treatment
facility
– Gas collection and treatment facility
– Final cover system
– Surface water drainage system
– An environmental monitoring system
– A closure and post closure plan
21.
22.
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. Cell Construction
All solid wastes received are spread and compacted in cells or
layers within a confined area.
Cell: compacted wastes and daily cover material (3 m high)
Lift: a series of adjoining cells, all same height (3~5 m)
Orderly operations: maintain a narrow working face
Cover material: function of surface of wastes to be covered,
thickness of the soil needed to perform the particular
functions, and cell configuration
Cell: rectangular in surface area, its sides sloped as steeply
as practical operation will permit. Optimum: 10%, up to
30% Solid wastes are spread in layers not greater than 2 ft
thick
29
30.
31.
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33.
34. Methane Generation
Methane:
Second most important greenhouse gas (GHG)
after CO2
Global Warming Potential of 21 (1 tonne CH4 =
21 tonnes CO2)
Makes up 16% of global GHG emissions from
human activities
Calorific value = 33.8 MJ/m3 (909 BTU/ft3)
35. Primary reasons for
implementing LFG
controls:
1) Mitigate health hazards
2) Mitigate environmental
impacts
3) Address nuisance odours
4) Generate revenue by utilizing
the gas
5) Reduce GHG emissions
36. COMPOUND CONCENTRATION
Methane (CH4) 30 – 60% (volume)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 20 – 50 % (volume)
Oxygen (O2) <2% (volume)
Nitrogen (N2) <10% (volume)
Moisture (H2O) Saturated
Trace Compounds
e.g. Hydrogen Sulphide,
Mercaptans, Vinyl Chloride,
Hexane, Toluene, etc.
<4000 ppm
Landfill Gas (LFG): produced by the
anaerobic decomposition of
degradable organic wastes in a
landfill
37. Disposal Cell
Large loads of waste to
the disposal cell (working
face)
Covered with alternative
daily cover or 6 inches of
soil
37
55. At some landfills, gas collection wells are
installed after the facility reaches grade. At
others, the gas collection network is
continuously built and expanded.
55
67. Gas outputs of 10 to 20 cum per hour
(corresponding to 50 to 100 KW of
energy) have been recorded in wells of 15
to 20 cm diameter drilled 10 m into waste
at spacing of 30 to 70 m. For 1 MW output
from a landfill site, 15 to 20 such wells are
required. The gas management strategies
should follow one of the following three
plans:
– Controlled passive venting
– Uncontrolled release
– Controlled collection and treatment/reuse
69. Recommendations
The improvement of Environment could
be through improve the efficiency of
solid waste management.
Public awareness should be created
especially at primary level.
Littering of solid waste should
prohibited in cities towns and urban
areas.
More over house to house collecting
solid waste should be .
70. Contd…
The collection bins must be have a large
enough capacity to accommodate 20%
more than the expected waste generation
in the area.
Municipal authorities should maintain the
storage facilities to avoid unhygienic &
unsanitary condition.
It is advisable to move from open
dumping to sanitary land filling in a
phased manner.