Multimedia System & Design Ch 1, 2, 3 Multimedia

Multimedia Systems and Design
BY:
Aized Amin
Lecturer
Department of CS & IT
UOS, Lyp Campus

C H A P T E R 1
What Is Multimedia?
Multimedia Making It Work Eighth Edition by
Tay Vaughan, McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 8
Edition
2Badar Waseer arbabwaseer@gmail.com

Multimedia
Multimedia is any combination of:
• Text
• Art
• Sound
• Animation
• Video
Delivered to you by computer or other
electronic or digitally manipulated means.

Definitions
• End user / viewer of a multimedia project—to
control what and when the elements are
delivered, it is called interactive multimedia.
• When you provide a structure of linked
elements through which the user can
navigate, interactive multimedia becomes
hypermedia.
• A project is linear, starting at the beginning
and running through to the end.

• When users are given navigational control and
can wander through the content at will,
multimedia becomes nonlinear.

Where to Use Multimedia
Multimedia in Business:
Business applications for multimedia include:
• Presentations
• Training
• Marketing
• Advertising
• Product Demos
• Simulations
• Databases
• Catalogs

• Multimedia around the office has also become
more commonplace.
• Image capture hardware is used for building
employee ID and badging databases.
• Presentation documents attached to e-mail
and video conferencing are widely available.
• Laptop computers and high resolution
projectors are common place for multimedia
presentations on the road.

Multimedia in Schools/educational sectors
• Schools are perhaps the destination most in need
of multimedia
• The U.S. government has challenged the
telecommunications industry to connect every
classroom, library, clinic, and hospital in America
to the information superhighway.
• The National Grid for Learning (NGfL) has
established similar aims for schools in the United
Kingdom.

• Move away from the transmission or passive-
learner model of learning to the experiential
learning or active-learner model.
• Online classes

Multimedia at Home
• Gardening
• Cooking
• Home Design
• Remodeling
• Repair to genealogy software
– Reunion from Leister Productions lets families add
text, images, sounds, and video clips as they build
their family trees.
• Computer with an attached CD-ROM or DVD
drive or a set-top player that hooks up to the
television, such as a Nintendo, X-box, or Sony
PlayStation machine.

Multimedia in Public Places
• Hotels
• Train Stations
• Shopping Malls
• Museums
• Libraries
• Grocery Stores

Virtual Reality
• Convergence of technology and creative
invention in multimedia is virtual reality,
• Place you “inside” a lifelike experience.
• Goggles
• Helmets
• Special Gloves

Delivering Multimedia
• Multimedia requires large amounts of digital
memory when stored in an end user’s library.
• Require large amounts of bandwidth when
distributed over wires, glass fiber, or airwaves
on a network.
• The greater the bandwidth, the bigger the
pipeline, so more content can be delivered to
end users quickly.

Delivering Multimedia
 CD-ROM, DVD, Flash Drives
• CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) discs can
contain up to 80 minutes of full-screen video, images,
or sound.
• The disc can also contain unique mixes of:
– images, sounds, text, video, and animations controlled by
an authoring system to provide unlimited user interaction.
• Multilayered Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) technology
increases the capacity and multimedia capability of
CDs.
– 4.7GB on a single-sided, single-layered disc
– 17.08GB of storage on a double-sided, double-layered disc.

• CD-ROM and DVD discs are interim memory
technologies that will be replaced by new devices
such as:
– flash drives that do not require moving parts.
The Broadband Internet
• When information providers and content owners
determine the worth of their products
– information elements will ultimately link up online as
distributed resources on a data highway
• Actual glass fiber cables that make up much of
the physical backbone of the data highway

Chapter 1 (topics review)
• What is multimedia?
• Definitions
• Where to use multimedia
• Delivering multimedia

C H A P T E R 2
Text
Multimedia Making It Work Eighth Edition by Tay Vaughan,
McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 8 Edition

Text
• Human development that began about 6,000
years ago.
• The first meaningful marks were scraped onto
mud tablets and left to harden in the sun.
• Only members of the ruling classes and the
priesthood were allowed to read and write the
pictographic signs and cuneiforms.
• The earliest messages delivered in written words
typically contained information vital to the
management of people, politics, and taxes.

The Power of Meaning
• Single word may be masked in many meanings.
– Nails
– Mine
– Break etc...
• It is important to develop accuracy and conciseness in
the specific words you choose.
• In multimedia, these are the words that will appear in
your:
– titles
– menus
– navigation aids
– narrative/story or content.

• It’s important to design labels for:
– title screens,
– menus
– buttons or tabs
• Its required to use words that have the most precise
and powerful meanings to express what you need to
say.
– GO BACK! is more powerful than Previous
– TERRIFIC! may work better than That Answer Was Correct.

About Fonts and Faces
• Typeface
• Font size
• Font style
• Kerning: is the spacing between character
pairs
• Cases: upper and lower
• Case sensitive: meaning that the text’s upper-
and lowercase letters must match exactly to
be recognized.

Serif vs. Sans Serif
• Serif versus sans serif is the simplest way to
categorize a typeface.
• Sans is French for “without”.
• The serif is the little decoration at the end of a
letter stroke.
– Times, New Century Schoolbook, Bookman, and
Palatino are examples of serif fonts.
– Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, Optima, and Avant-
Grade are sans serif.

Using Text in Multimedia
• Imagine designing a project that used no text
at all.
• You would need to use many pictures and
symbols to train your audience how to
navigate through the project.
• Certainly voice and sound could guide the
audience, but users would quickly tire of this:
– Greater effort is required to pay attention to
spoken words than to browse text with the eye.

Choosing Text Fonts
• For small type, use the most readable font
available.
• Use as few different faces as possible in the
same work
– But vary the weight and size of your typeface using
italic and bold styles where they look good.
• In text blocks, use pleasing line spacing:
– Lines too tightly packed are difficult to read.
• Vary the size of a font in proportion to the
importance of the message you are delivering.

Choosing Text Fonts
• In large-size headlines, adjust the spacing
between letters (kerning) so that the spacing
feels right.
• Explore the effects of different colors and of
placing the text on various backgrounds.
• Use anti-aliased text where you want a gentle
and blended look for titles and headlines.
– In computer graphics, antialiasing is a software
technique for diminishing jaggies - stairstep-like lines
that should be smooth. Jaggies occur because the
output device, the monitor or printer, doesn't have a
high enough resolution to represent a smooth line.

Font Editing and Design Tools
• Special font editing tools can be used to make
your own type
– Communicate an idea or graphic feeling exactly.
• With these tools, professional typographers
create distinct text and display faces.
• Graphic designers, publishers, and ad agencies
can design instant variations of existing
typefaces.

Font Editing and Design Tools
• www.fontfoundry.com
• www.larabiefonts.com
• Fontlab
• Font Forge
• Bird Font
• Font Struct
• Type Light
• Font Constructor
Explore yourself
Open source
freeware

How to use Fontfoundry

TASK 1
• Install 3 new font styles and write 4 lines
paragraph with each style

TASK 2
 Create a new document in a word processing application.
 Next, type in a line of text and copy the line five times.
 Now change each line into a different font.
 Recopy the entire set of lines three times.
 Finally, change the size of the first set to 10-point text,
the second set to 18-point text, and the third set to 36-
point text.
• Which of the smallest lines of text is most readable?
• Which line of text stands out the most?

TASK 3
Access a computer. Identify program that
allow you to manipulate text. Write some text
(your introduction) in varied styles and fonts.
Print the results. For each, list:
• The program’s name (highlight various text
processing application names).
• The ways in which that program allows you to
change text. Can you easily change the font?
the color? the style? the spacing?

C H A P T E R 3
Images

Images
• Still images may be small or large, or even full
screen.
• They may be colored, placed at random on the
screen, evenly geometric or oddly shaped.
• Still images are generated by the computer in
two ways:
• As bitmaps (or paint graphics) and
• As vector-drawn (or just plain “drawn”) graphics.

Images
• Bitmaps may also be called “raster” images.
Likewise, bitmap editors are sometimes called
“painting” programs.
– In computer graphics, a raster graphics image is a dot
matrix data structure (representing a generally points
of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other
display medium..)
– A raster is technically characterized by the width and
height of the image in pixels
• Vector editors are sometimes called “drawing”
programs

1 pixel in a color monitor
Pixels
Each pixel is actually composed of three dots
a red, a blue and a green one.

Bitmaps VS Vector-Drawn
• Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images
and for complex drawings requiring fine detail.
• Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes,
circles, polygons and other graphic shapes
that can be mathematically expressed in
angles, coordinates, and distances.

Bitmaps VS Vector-Drawn
• The appearance of both types of images
depends on
– Display Resolution
– Capabilities of your computer’s graphics hardware
and monitor.
• Both types of images are stored in various file
formats
• Can be translated from one application to
another or from one computer platform to
another.

Bitmaps
• A bit is the simplest element in the digital
world.
• An electronic digit that is either on or off,
black or white, or true (1) or false (0).
• This is referred to as binary, since only two
states (on or off) are available.
• A map is a two dimensional matrix of these
bits.
• A bitmap, then, is a simple matrix of the tiny
dots that form an image and are displayed on
a computer screen or printed.

Bitmaps
• 4 bits for 16 colors
• 8 bits for256 colors
• 15 bits for 32,768 colors
• 16 bits for 65,536 colors
• 24 bits for 16,772,216 colors.
• Thus, with 2 bits, for example, the available
zeros and ones can be combined in only four
possible ways and can, then, describe only
four possible colors

Bitmaps
Together, the state of all the pixels on a computer
screen make up the image seen by the viewer.

Bitmaps
Here, each cube represents the data required to display a
4 × 4–pixel image (the face of the cube) at various color
depths (with each cube extending behind the face
indicating the number of bits— zeros or ones—used to
represent the color for that pixel).
Bitmap is a data matrix that describes the characteristics of
all the pixels making up an image.

Bitmaps
•Image 1 is 24 bits deep
(millions of colors)
•Image 2 is dithered
(reducing the color range of
images down to the 256 (or
fewer) to 8 bits using an
adaptive palette (the best
256 colors to represent the
image)
•Image 3 is also dithered to
8 bits, but uses the
Macintosh system palette
(an optimized standard
mix of 256 colors).
•Image 4 is dithered to 4
bits (any 16 colors)

•Image 5 is dithered to 8-bit
gray-scale (256 shades of
gray)
.Image 6 is dithered to 4-
bit gray-scale (16 shades of
gray)
.Image 7 is dithered to 1 bit
(two colors—in this case, black
and white).
Bitmaps

Bitmap Sources
• Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint or
drawing program.
• Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen
with a screen capture program, and then paste it
into a paint program or your application.
• Capture a bitmap from a photo or other artwork
using a scanner to digitize the image.
• Once made, a bitmap can be copied, altered,
e-mailed, and otherwise used in many creative
ways.

Awareness bout images download
• You can also download an image bitmap from
a web site
• Legal rights protecting use of images from clip
libraries fall into three basic groupings.
– Public domain images
– Royalty-free images
– Rights-managed images

Task 4
Use Paint application of MS windows to:
• Make a single file of Pakistan Currency in
ascending order (Rs1 coin to rs.5000 note)

Vector Drawing
• Most multimedia authoring systems provide for
use of vector-drawn objects such as:
– Lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons, and text.
• Computer-aided design (CAD) programs have
traditionally used vector-drawn object systems
• Graphic artists designing for print media use
vector-drawn objects.
• Programs for 3-D animation also use vector-
drawn graphics.

How Vector Drawing Works
• A vector is a line that is described by the location of
its two endpoints.
• Vector drawing uses Cartesian coordinates where a
pair of numbers describes a point in two-dimensional
space:
– Horizontal and vertical lines (the x and y axes)
• The numbers are always listed in the order x , y.
• In three-dimensional space, a third dimension—
depth— is described by a z axis (x , y , z).

Image Compression
• Typically, image files are compressed to save
memory and disk space.
• Many bitmap image file formats already use
compression within the file itself
– For example; GIF, JPEG, and PNG.
• NEF (Nikon Electronic Format) files are the RAW
file formats from digital photos taken by Nikon
cameras.

Image Compression Types
Image formats can be separated into three
broad categories:
• Lossy Compression
• Lossless Compression
• Uncompressed

Uncompressed Format
• Uncompressed formats take up the most
amount of data, but they are exact
representations of the image.

Lossy Compression
• Lossy compression algorithms take advantage of
the inherent limitations of the human eye and
discard invisible information
• Lossy compression, as its name implies, does not
encode all the information of the file
• When it is recovered into an image, it will not be
an exact representation of the original.
• It is able to compress images very effectively
compared to lossless formats, as it discards
certain information.

Lossless compression
• Lossless compression algorithms reduce file size
without losing image quality
• Lossless compression will encode all the information
from the original
• When the image is decompressed, it will be an exact
representation of the original.
• There is no loss of information in lossless
compression
• It is not able to achieve as high a compression as
lossy compression, in most cases.

The bottom version
of the photo is
compressed with a
poor-quality lossy
compression
algorithm. It will be
noticeably smaller
in file size than the
above image.

Task 5
• Explore RAW file format
• Differentiate between GIF, JPEG, TIF, PNG, RAW
and BMP.
• List name of compression algorithms used by
these image formats.
• Which of above formats are so-called bitmap
graphics?
• Which of above formats are lossy or lossless?

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• JPEG images are the most common image
type.
• Come across in your travels around the web.
• Image compression way has been approved by
the photo graphics expert group.
– To be the best format for an internet-displayed
photographic image.

JPEG (benefits & downfalls)
Benefits
• Small image size
• Viewable from the internet
• Uses millions of colors
• Perfect for most images
Downfalls
• High compression loses quality
• Every time a JPEG is saved, it loses more and
more of the picture

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
• GIF images are truly the internet standard for
any type of small, simple file.
• The most common use for a GIF is for menu
buttons or icons for a webpage.
– The reason being that GIFs are extremely tiny in
file size and have no complex colors
– Any other file which is made up of only use a few
basic, flat colors will want to use GIF compression.

GIF (benefits & downfalls)
Benefits
• Supported by all web browsers
• Very small file size
• Quick to load
• Useful for Transparencies and Animations
Downfalls
• Only basic colors can be used
• Makes complex pictures look horrible
• No detail allowed in images

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
• PNG is one of the most popular raster formats
on the Internet.
• In 1995 during Usenet conference it was
suggested to develop this format as an
alternative to the popular GIF format.
• PNG format popular among web designers.
– This is the only format that allows you to get
images with a transparent background.

PNG (benefits & downfalls)
Benefits
• PNG supports a large number of colors. PNG-8 (256
colors) and PNG-24 (about 16.7 million Colors)
• Small size files.
• Minimum compression loss.
• Format is suitable for storage of intermediate
versions of the image.
– When you re-save image, quality is not lost
Downfalls
• Doesn’t support animation
• Can not store multiple images in one file

Online Image compression Tools
• Optimizilla (only JPEG and PNG)
http://optimizilla.com/
• Image Optimizer (also download free)
http://www.imageoptimizer.net/Pages/Home.
aspx
• Compressor.io [lossy and lossless (only jpeg
and PNG)option]
https://compressor.io/compress

Task 6
• Use at least two online image compression tools
to compress your image file and write your
findings in word processing application by using
sarif and sans sarif styles.
– Original image size and format
– Size after compression
– Effect of compression on image
– Experience of using compression tool
– Save same image into different image formats and
compare their size. (you may use Paint tool of
windows OS)
– Overall observation

ImageJ
• Free at: http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html
• Overview
– Java program
– Interface a bit awkward because it is free
– Expandable via plug-ins
• Covers all basic editing and many advanced -
very advanced
• Scientific quality image editor
• Used in many technical applications
• It can read many image formats including TIFF,
GIF, JPEG, BMP, DICOM, FITS and ‘raw’.

Basic ImageJ Interface
• Menus and Tool bars
• File Open, Save, Save As, Revert
• Edit Cut, Copy, Paste, Selection, Options
• Image Basic Image Editing
• Process More Advanced Image Editing Options
• Shapes are for selection or drawing. The “A” is for
adding text.

File/New

Photoshop or Corel PaintShop VS
CorelDraw or illustrator
Photoshop is a raster graphics editing
program
• Photoshop can be used to edit photos, create
graphics for web and paint illustrations.
Raster means it's based on pixels.
• Image enhancement (brightness, contrast,
color correction, applying brushes, filters, etc.)

Photoshop or Corel PaintShop VS
CorelDraw or illustrator
 CorelDraw vector graphics tools
• Used primarily for designing logos and graphics for
print, as well as cartoons that use fewer color
transitions.
• Vectors are scalable, which means that whatever you
create in vectors you can resize to a billboard size if you
wanted to.
• Making new graphics (vectors), i.e., shapes and
designs.
• In general, it means, making everything from scratch.
We can even make our own font through these tools!

Multimedia System & Design Ch 1, 2, 3 Multimedia

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