1. Respiratory Viral Infection in
poultry
MEMBER IN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR
POULTRY DEVELOPMENTFAO
FAO IRAQ
Dr. Majed H. Mohammed Ph.D.
Virology and Moleculat Cell Biology
majed.mohammed@uod.ac

31. Conclusions
current study revealed that the presence of
bacterial co-infection (E.coli and MG) with the IB virus
complicated the disease process and increased the mortality rate
in the farms that was approximately 60-75% which caused high
economic losses.
The comparative analysis of the recent genotypes circulating in
Slemani with the IB vaccine strains (Massachuset and 4/91)
revealed that these vaccines not able to protect farms from IBV
infection, otherwise using of these live virus vaccine may cause
mutation and spreading of the virus in the flock.
This study indicates the existence of three IBV genotypes (A; B
and C) circulating in Slemani, (genotypes group A and group B),
were respiratory types IBV, which were detected from respiratory
tissues of the infected chickens, while (genotype group C) was a
nephropathogenic type IBV which was detected from kidneys of
the infected chickens.

32. According to the comparative analysis in the current study
the low nucleotide and amino acid similarities were found
between the circulating isolates in Slemani and (H120, MA5)
Massachusetts and 4/91 vaccine strains. It has been found
that genotype group A is (33- 35%) different from all vaccine
strains, genotype group B is (32- 35%) different from all
vaccine strains while genotype group C is (20%) different
from all vaccine strains. The poor relationship in the partial
S1 sequence between the three IBV isolates and the vaccine
strains

33. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University,
2008
Influenza Virus
• Family Orthomyxoviridae
– “myxo” means mucus
• Three main types
– Type A
• Multiple species
– Type B
• Humans
– Type C
• Humans and swine

34. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University,
2008
Avian Influenza
• Disease based on genetic features and/or
severity of disease
in poultry
– Low pathogenic AI (LPAI)
• H1 to H16 subtypes
– Highly pathogenic AI (HPAI)
• Some H5 or H7 subtypes
• LPAI H5 or H7 subtypes can mutate
into HPAI

35. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University,
2008
Avian Influenza
• Incubation period: 3-14 days
• Birds found dead
• Drop in egg production
• Neurological signs
• Depression, anorexia,
ruffled feathers
• Combs swollen, cyanotic
• Conjunctivitis and respiratory signs

36. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University,
2008
Post Mortem Lesions
• Lesions may be absent with sudden death
• Severe congestion of the musculature
• Dehydration
• Subcutaneous edema of head
and neck area

37. Post Mortem Lesions
• Nasal and oral
cavity discharge
• Petechiae on
serosal surfaces
• Kidneys severely congested
• Severe congestion of the
conjunctivae

38. Treatment
There is no effective treatment for avian
influenza. However, good husbandry, proper
nutrition, and broad spectrum antibiotics may
reduce losses from secondary infections. It must
be remembered that recovered flocks continue to
intermittently shed the virus.
All buildings should be cleaned and disinfected
after an infected flock is removed. The poultry
litter or manure should be dung before application
to cultivated lands.

40. Newcastle disease virus
NDV also called (avian paramyxovirus type I,
pneumoencephalitis virus & pseudo-fowl pest).
ND is contagious and fatal viral disease affecting
most species of birds (chickens, turkeys,
pigeons ,parrots ,ducks, geese, quails)and human.
Taxonomy of the NDV :
 Family: Paramyxoviridae.
 Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae.
 Genus: Avulavirus.

41. Transmission:
 Direct contact between healthy birds and the
infected bird discharges.
 Contaminated feed, water, equipment and
clothing.
 Virus can be picked up on shoes and clothing and
carried from an infected flock to a healthy one.
 Airborne spread.
 Contaminated poultry vaccines.
 Other animals and birds transporting the virus
from farm to farm.

42. Incubation period:
 It varies from (2 to 15) days in poultry depending on
the virulence of the strain.
 In chickens infected with velogenic isolates; (2 to 6)
days.
 In some avian species; 25 days.
Pathogenesis:
 The virus replicates in the mucosa of the upper
respiratory and intestinal tracts.
 Virus spreads via blood to spleen and bone marrow
(viremia) causing infection of other organs: lung
,intestines & C.N.S.

43. Clinical Signs and Symptoms:
 Respiratory symptoms.
 Nervous signs.
 Digestive symptoms.
 Drop in egg production with thin, rough-shelled
eggs.
 Swelling of tissues around eyes and in the neck.
 Sudden death.
 In human;(Mild conjunctivitis, influenza-like
symptoms and laryngitis).

44. Fig2; Coughing and gasping.

45. Fig3; Mouth discharges.

46. Fig4; The bird displays torticollis.

47. Fig8; Diarrhea with green bile
pigment and white urates.
Fig9; Square appearance of the head
due to bilateral facial edema.

48. PM and gross lesions:
 Inflammation with Petechial hemorrhages on
proventriculus mucosa.
 Edematous, hemorrhagic, necrotic, and ulcerative
areas on Peyer's patches, caecal tonsils.
 Edematous, hemorrhagic, or degenerated ovaries.

49. Fig13; subconjunctival haemorrhages with
external lesions.
Fig14; Odema and hemorrhages in the
conjunctiva and infraorbital sinus.

50. Fig15; Accumulation of mucus in the
respiratory tract.
Fig16; Mild haemorrhagic lesions
in the mucosa of trachea.

51. Fig17; Congestion and
haemorrhages in the pharynx and
proximal trachea.
Fig18; Sever thymus atrophy with
extensive haemorrhages.

52. Fig19; Inflammation with pinpoint heamorrhagic lesions in the proventriculus
mucosa.

53. Fig20; Necrosis of lymphoid tissue at the caecal
tonsils.
Fig21; Extensive haemorrahges and
ulcers of caecal tonsils mucosa.

54. Vaccination

55. GOOD
VACCINATION
PROGRAM
DESIGN
Basics of Vaccination in Poultry
Elements of a Vaccination Program
Interval between
Subsequent
Vaccinations
Route of
Vaccination
Age of the
First Vaccination
Type of
Vaccines
Number of
Vaccinations
1. Stimulation & Maintenance of Protective Immunity
2. Development of Immunologic Memmory

56. GOOD
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Basics of Vaccination in Poultry
Requirements for Good Immune Response
No
Immune
Suppression
Healthy Birds
Good
Administration
Technique
Correct
Vaccination
Programme
Good Nutrition Correct
Vaccine
Storage
Correct Vaccine
No Stress

62. Newcastle Vaccination

63. Immunity Against ND