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Malek Shouman
Malek Shouman
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‫ﻭﻴﺎﻤ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫8002‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ‬ ‫: ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ‬ ‫ﻥﻴﻨﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﺍﻭﺴﻟﺍ / ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ‬ ‫ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ / ﻑﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﻡﻴﺤﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺴﺒ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﺴﻤﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ·  ‪    DNA‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ .‬ ‫:‬ ‫.‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫: ﺓﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻭﻓ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﺨ ﺭﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘﻭ‬ ‫ ﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻰﻤﺴﺘ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫.‬‫ ﺑﻴﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ    ﺑﻴﺮﻣﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 3  ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ  ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺩﻤﺭﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ‬ ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨ ﻤ لﻜ ﻑﻟﺄﺘﻴﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻴﻦ    ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺭﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ  ‬ ‫ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻑﻟﺄﺘﻴﻭ‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺔﻨ ﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺠﻭﺭﺩﻴﻫ ﻥﻴﺘﻁﺒﺍﺭﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔﻨ ﻴﺠﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ -‬ ‫ 5  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﻴﺩﻴﻫ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﺙﻼﺜﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔﻴ ﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬ﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ  ‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 6  ‬ ‫.‬‫ ‪ RNA‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ لﺴﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ‬‫ ‪  RNA    DNA‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ 7  ‬ ‫ﻱﻭﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺭﺎﻗ -‬ ‫ ﻨﻴﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‪ DNA‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ . ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ RNA‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ .‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺭﻜﺫﺍ -‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ·  ‪  mRNA‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴ‬ ‫ ﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ  ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ ·  ‪    tRNA‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫:‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ·  ‪    rRNA‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ  ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 9  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺉ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 01  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻟﻵﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ -‬ ‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ ﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 11  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺉ ‪ DNA‬ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ .‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ 21  ‬ ‫؟ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻟﻭ ؟ ﺭﻁﺨﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺃﻭ ؟ ﺕﺍﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ : ﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻭﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻵﺧﺮ .‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 31‬ ‫؟ ﺕﺍﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ : ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ .‬ ‫ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ : ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ﺯﻤ ﺭﻟﺍ ". ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﻷ‬ ‫ ‪  B‬‬ ‫ ‪b‬‬ ‫" ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﻷ‬ ‫ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ . ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺘﺍﺫ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ ﻡﺜ ، ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ‬ ‫ 6‬‫لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴ ﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺭﺨﻵﺍﻭ ( ﻲﻘﻨ ) ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ، ﺀﻼﻴﺯﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ -‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺭﻟﺍ " . ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻗ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻭﻁ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻥﺄﺒ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪  T‬‬ ‫، ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﻁﻟ‬ ‫ ‪t‬‬ ‫" ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺼﻘﻟ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻠﻋ . ﺔﻴ ﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺕﺎﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ , ﺀﻼﻴﺯﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ -‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ * ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻺﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻡﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫ * ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥ " ﺟﻴﻨﺎﻥ " ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﺑﺤﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ .‬ ‫*‬ ‫   ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫؟ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﺴﻓ ﻑﻴ ﻜ -‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻳﻼء‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺧﻨﺜﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀ‬ ‫ ﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫؟ ﻪﺒﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻼﻴ ﺯﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ لﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘ ﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ لﺍﺯﻌﻨﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ‬ ‫   ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ " ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ " ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ  ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺤﻨﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺪ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ " ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ " ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﺎﻻﻳﺎ .‬ ‫ ﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ * ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﺳﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻊﻤ ؟ ﺔﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺜ ﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻑﻴ ﻜ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 8  ‬ ‫لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ " ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ﻥﻭﻴﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﺫ ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻴﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺤ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ " لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ﻰﺜﻨﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﺤﺃ لﺨ ﺔﺒﺎﺒﺫ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﻭﺍﺯﺘ لﺼﺤ -‬ ‫ 6  ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ؟ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺱﻨﺠ ﺭﺭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺃ -‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ﻥﻭﻴ ﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﺯﺃ ﻼﻔﻁ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺭﻀﺨ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻨﻴﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 4‬‫-‬ ‫. ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ . ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺤ ﻪﻨﺫﺃ ﺔﻤﺤﺸ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫لﺜﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻥﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻴ ﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻨﺼﻴ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ    ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ  ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ  ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫لﺜﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻏ ﻥﻭﻴﻋﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎء‬ ‫ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻤﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ٌﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺳﻄﻴﺔ  ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫. ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺱﻨﺠﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻬﺜ ﺭﺍﻭﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻼﺴ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ‬ ‫ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫.‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ * ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ * ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ *  ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫؟ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ : ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫......................... ....................... ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.............................................. ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.............................................. ....................... ....................................... .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 8‬‫" ﺏﺎﺘ ﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍ ﺭ " ؟ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺴﻓ . ﺽﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﻰﺜﻨﺃﻭ ﺽﻴﺭﻤ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ( ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ) ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﻑﺯﻨ ﺽﺭ ﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺎﺒ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ )  ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬ ﻱ ﻭﺭﺛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻪ .‬ ‫ ‪X‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺮﺙ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺮ )  ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ ‪XY‬‬ ‫-‬ ‫   ﻣﻤﻦ ﻳﺮﺙ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ . ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ؟‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ .‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ )  ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ ‪X‬‬ ‫؟ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﺁ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﺘ -‬ ‫ 5  ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﺽﺭﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﻼﻔﻁ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍﻭ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ /  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ .‬ ‫. ﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻟﺍ لﺎﺤﻁ ﻡﺨﻀﺘﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﻴ ﺩﻋﺎﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺭﺏ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺛﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ .‬ ‫ / ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﺎ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ‪ X‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ XX‬ﺟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ  ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ‪ X‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ XY‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻃﻔ ﺮﺓ ﺟﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﻟﻷﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺽﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 3‬‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ -‬ ‫· ‬ ‫ﺓﺭﺜﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺭﺜﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ " ﻧﺰﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ "‬ ‫·‬ ‫) ﻡﻗﺭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﺝﻭﺯ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫(‬ ‫   12  ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ " ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﻥ "‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫) ﻡﻗﺭ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺠ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫   11‬ ‫ ‬ ‫(‬ ‫"‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺳﻴﻤﻴﺎ    ﻓﻘﺮ ﺩﻡ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ "‬ ‫ 2‬‫: ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ -‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻨﻴﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ  ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩﺓ ‪. Tetra‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ  ﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ .‬ ‫ ﻟ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁ ﺘ : ﻊ ﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻷﻗﻞ ﻃﺎﻳﺮﺍً ﻫﻮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﺎً ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍ‬ ‫ ﻟﺘﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫.‬ ‫. ﻁﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ لﺼﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺡﺭﺸﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫............................................. ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫......................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫......................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ". ﻥﻴﺠﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ / ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫( ﻥﺎﺘﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺭﺒ ﻟﺍ ) ﺦﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﻐﻟ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺔﺤﺌﺍﺭ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺝﺎﺠﺯﻟﺍ ﺹﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﻪﻨﺎﻴﻠﻏ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻠﻗ ﻥﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ ·  ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ . "  ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻻﺭ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒ ﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 4‬‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫............................. ....................... ................ ...................................... ﻥﺎﺘﻨﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫............................................... .......................................................... ﻥﺎﺘﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 3‬‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " . ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﺘﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 41‪C7H‬‬ ‫ 81‪C9H‬‬ ‫ 22‪C10H‬‬ ‫ 21‪C5H‬‬ ‫ 8‪C4H‬‬ ‫·  ‬ ‫ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫. ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴ ﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻸﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 2  ‪n‬‬ ‫ +  2‪CnH‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ " ﺃﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ  ‬ ‫"‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺌﻴﺯﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﻘﺘﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ ً ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: لﻜﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨ ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫:ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻓﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ " ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ .‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ لﺨﺩﻤ‬ ‫ﺔﺴﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺘﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﻜﺃ -‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫. ﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺉﺯﺠ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺯﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻪﻴ ﻓ ﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻫ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫؟ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻁﻋﺃﻭ ؟ ﺓﺭﻤﻠﺒﻟﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫................................. ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.................................................. ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫........................................ ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻊﻤ " ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨ ﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻴ ﺒ ﺯﻴ ﻤﻨ ﻑﻴ ﻜ "‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴ ﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ً ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴ ﻜ ﺡﺭﺸﺍ -‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻡﻀﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﺒ ﻌﺼ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴ ﺯﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﻀﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ /ﺏﺒﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺒ ﺢﺼﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ  ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫. ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ ﺔ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ .‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫.............. ............................................................................................ : ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫·‬ ‫.............. ....................................................................................... .... : ﻥﻴﺴﻜﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫·‬ ‫................................................................................................. ......... : ﻥﻴﺘﻭﻴ ﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘ ﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " . ﺔﻴﺘ ﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﺘ ﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺃ -‬ ‫ 41‪C7H‬‬ ‫ 81‪C9H‬‬ ‫ 22‪C10H‬‬ ‫ 21‪C5H‬‬ ‫ 8‪C4H‬‬ ‫·  ‬ ‫ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ‬ ‫. ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻸﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪n‬‬ ‫ 2‪CnH‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ﻣﺸﺒ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ  ﻌﺔ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ‬‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻊﺌﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻨﻜﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﻭ ﻤﻟﺍ ﻁ ﻐﻀ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ / ﻡ 2 .‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫: ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ .‬ ‫: ﻊﺌﺎﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ + ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ .‬ ‫: ﻕﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺎء ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ .‬ ‫: لﺎﻜﺴﺎﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻠﻴﺎً ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋ ً ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ  ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻛ‬ ‫: ﺱﺩﻴﻤﺨﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ‬‫. ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺹﻭﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺼﺍﻭﻐﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺩﻴ ﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﻔﻁﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺘﻄﻔﻮ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺢﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻔﻁﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺏﺫﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺯﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻴ ﺒﻟﺍ ﺱﻁﻐﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻟﺢ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﺘﻄﻔﻮ .‬‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺎﻬﺘ ﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻜﻴﻤﺴ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺒﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺯ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ .‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺭﻬﻨ ﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻨ ﻴﻔﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻤﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ  " ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ "‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻱﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ  ‬ ‫ 3  ‬ ‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤ ﺯﺎﻏ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﻃﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﺱﺩﻴﻤﺨﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ  ‬ ‫ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ  ‬ ‫لﺎﻜﺴﺎﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ    ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺔ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫ 01‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 9‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻊﺌﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻜﺭ ﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﻭ ﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ : ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ٬ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ٬  ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ .‬ ‫ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ  ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫   ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻨ‬ ‫: ﺔﻴ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ .‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ + ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻮﻡ + ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ  ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ‬‫·‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ .‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ  ﻭﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫: ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ‬‫·‬ ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ .‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻨﺘﻮﺭﻱ   ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺫﺍﺫ    ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ *‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻁﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺘﻤﺃ‬ ‫ 01‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻕﻤﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﻻ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻪ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻜﺴ ﻁﺨ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﺒ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺭﻴﺫﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬‫. ﺎﺒﺩﺤﻤ ﻪﻟ ﻱﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻁﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﺌﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻨﺠ ﻡﻤﺼﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻮﻕ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ.‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﻱﺯﺍ ﻭﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﻫ ﺭﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺭﺌﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻨﺘ‬‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﺘﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ .‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫-‬ ‫-‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫ 9‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

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Summary of material science_1

  • 1. ‫ﻭﻴﺎﻤ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫8002‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ‬ ‫: ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ‬ ‫ﻥﻴﻨﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﺍﻭﺴﻟﺍ / ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ‬ ‫ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ / ﻑﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﻡﻴﺤﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺴﺒ‬
  • 2. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﺴﻤﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ·  ‪    DNA‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ .‬ ‫:‬ ‫.‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫: ﺓﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻭﻓ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﺨ ﺭﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘﻭ‬ ‫ ﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻰﻤﺴﺘ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫.‬‫ ﺑﻴﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ    ﺑﻴﺮﻣﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 3  ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ  ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺩﻤﺭﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ‬ ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨ ﻤ لﻜ ﻑﻟﺄﺘﻴﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻴﻦ    ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺭﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ -‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ  ‬ ‫ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻑﻟﺄﺘﻴﻭ‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺔﻨ ﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺠﻭﺭﺩﻴﻫ ﻥﻴﺘﻁﺒﺍﺭﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔﻨ ﻴﺠﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ -‬ ‫ 5  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﻴﺩﻴﻫ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﺙﻼﺜﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔﻴ ﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬ﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ  ‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 6  ‬ ‫.‬‫ ‪ RNA‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ  ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ لﺴﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ‬‫ ‪  RNA    DNA‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ 7  ‬ ‫ﻱﻭﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺭﺎﻗ -‬ ‫ ﻨﻴﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‪ DNA‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ . ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ RNA‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ .‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺭﻜﺫﺍ -‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ·  ‪  mRNA‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴ‬ ‫ ﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ  ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ ·  ‪    tRNA‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ ﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫:‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ·  ‪    rRNA‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ  ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 9  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺉ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 01  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻟﻵﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ -‬ ‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ ﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ ‪  DNA‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ 11  ‬ ‫ﺉﺯﺠ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺉ ‪ DNA‬ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ .‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ 21  ‬ ‫؟ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻟﻭ ؟ ﺭﻁﺨﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺃﻭ ؟ ﺕﺍﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ : ﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻭﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻵﺧﺮ .‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 31‬ ‫؟ ﺕﺍﺭﻔﻁﻟﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ : ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ .‬ ‫ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ : ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 3. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ﺯﻤ ﺭﻟﺍ ". ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﻷ‬ ‫ ‪  B‬‬ ‫ ‪b‬‬ ‫" ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﻷ‬ ‫ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ . ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺘﺍﺫ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ ﻡﺜ ، ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ‬ ‫ 6‬‫لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴ ﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺭﺨﻵﺍﻭ ( ﻲﻘﻨ ) ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺠﺭﺃ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ، ﺀﻼﻴﺯﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ -‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺭﻟﺍ " . ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻗ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻭﻁ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻥﺄﺒ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪  T‬‬ ‫، ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﻁﻟ‬ ‫ ‪t‬‬ ‫" ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺼﻘﻟ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻠﻋ . ﺔﻴ ﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺕﺎﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ , ﺀﻼﻴﺯﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ -‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ * ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻺﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ .‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻡﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫ * ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ .‬ ‫ * ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥ " ﺟﻴﻨﺎﻥ " ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﺑﺤﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ .‬ ‫*‬ ‫   ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫؟ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﺴﻓ ﻑﻴ ﻜ -‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻳﻼء‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺧﻨﺜﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀ‬ ‫ ﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫؟ ﻪﺒﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻼﻴ ﺯﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ لﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘ ﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ لﺍﺯﻌﻨﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ‬ ‫   ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ " ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ " ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ  ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﻁﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺤﻨﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺪ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 4. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ " ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ " ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﺎﻻﻳﺎ .‬ ‫ ﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ * ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﺳﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻊﻤ ؟ ﺔﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺜ ﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻑﻴ ﻜ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 8  ‬ ‫لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ " ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ﻥﻭﻴﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﺫ ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻴﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺤ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ " لﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ﻰﺜﻨﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﺤﺃ لﺨ ﺔﺒﺎﺒﺫ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﻭﺍﺯﺘ لﺼﺤ -‬ ‫ 6  ‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ؟ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺱﻨﺠ ﺭﺭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺃ -‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ﻥﻭﻴ ﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﺯﺃ ﻼﻔﻁ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺭﻀﺨ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻨﻴﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 4‬‫-‬ ‫. ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺯﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ . ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺠﻟﺍ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺤ ﻪﻨﺫﺃ ﺔﻤﺤﺸ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫لﺜﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻥﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻴ ﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻨﺼﻴ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ    ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ  ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ  ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ ‫لﺜﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻏ ﻥﻭﻴﻋﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎء‬ ‫ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻤﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ٌﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺳﻄﻴﺔ  ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫. ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺱﻨﺠﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻬﺜ ﺭﺍﻭﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻼﺴ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ‬ ‫ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫.‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ * ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ * ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ *  ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫؟ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺩﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ : ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 5. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫......................... ....................... ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.............................................. ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.............................................. ....................... ....................................... .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 8‬‫" ﺏﺎﺘ ﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍ ﺭ " ؟ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺴﻓ . ﺽﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﻰﺜﻨﺃﻭ ﺽﻴﺭﻤ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ( ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ) ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﻑﺯﻨ ﺽﺭ ﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺎﺒ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ )  ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬ ﻱ ﻭﺭﺛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻪ .‬ ‫ ‪X‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺮﺙ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺮ )  ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ ‪XY‬‬ ‫-‬ ‫   ﻣﻤﻦ ﻳﺮﺙ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ . ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ؟‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ .‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ )  ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ ‪X‬‬ ‫؟ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﺁ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﺘ -‬ ‫ 5  ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺴﻓ ﺽﺭﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﻼﻔﻁ ﺎﺒﺠﻨﺄﻓ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍﻭ لﺠﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ /  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ .‬ ‫. ﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻟﺍ لﺎﺤﻁ ﻡﺨﻀﺘﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﻴ ﺩﻋﺎﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺭﺏ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺛﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ .‬ ‫ / ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﺎ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ‪ X‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ XX‬ﺟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ  ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ‪ X‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ XY‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻃﻔ ﺮﺓ ﺟﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﻟﻷﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺽﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻓﻭﻤﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 3‬‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ -‬ ‫· ‬ ‫ﺓﺭﺜﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺭﺜﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ " ﻧﺰﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ "‬ ‫·‬ ‫) ﻡﻗﺭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﺝﻭﺯ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫(‬ ‫   12  ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ " ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﻥ "‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫) ﻡﻗﺭ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﻭﻤﻭﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺠ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺽﺭﻤ‬ ‫   11‬ ‫ ‬ ‫(‬ ‫"‬ ‫ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺳﻴﻤﻴﺎ    ﻓﻘﺮ ﺩﻡ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ "‬ ‫ 2‬‫: ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ -‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﻨﻴﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﺴﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ  ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩﺓ ‪. Tetra‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ  ﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ .‬ ‫ ﻟ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁ ﺘ : ﻊ ﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 6. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻷﻗﻞ ﻃﺎﻳﺮﺍً ﻫﻮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﺎً ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍ‬ ‫ ﻟﺘﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫.‬ ‫. ﻁﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ لﺼﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺡﺭﺸﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫............................................. ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫......................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫......................... ........................................ ...................... ........................................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ". ﻥﻴﺠﺴﻜﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ / ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫( ﻥﺎﺘﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺭﺒ ﻟﺍ ) ﺦﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﻐﻟ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺔﺤﺌﺍﺭ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺝﺎﺠﺯﻟﺍ ﺹﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﻪﻨﺎﻴﻠﻏ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻠﻗ ﻥﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ ·  ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ . "  ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻻﺭ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒ ﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 4‬‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫............................. ....................... ................ ...................................... ﻥﺎﺘﻨﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫............................................... .......................................................... ﻥﺎﺘﻭﻴﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 3‬‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " . ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﺘﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 41‪C7H‬‬ ‫ 81‪C9H‬‬ ‫ 22‪C10H‬‬ ‫ 21‪C5H‬‬ ‫ 8‪C4H‬‬ ‫·  ‬ ‫ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫. ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴ ﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 2  ‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻸﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ‬ ‫ 2  ‪n‬‬ ‫ +  2‪CnH‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ " ﺃﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ  ‬ ‫"‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺌﻴﺯﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﻘﺘﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ ً ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: لﻜﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨ ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫:ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻓﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ " ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .‬ ‫ 1‬‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ .‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ لﺨﺩﻤ‬ ‫ﺔﺴﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 7. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺘﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﻜﺃ -‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫. ﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺉﺯﺠ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺯﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻪﻴ ﻓ ﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻫ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫؟ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻁﻋﺃﻭ ؟ ﺓﺭﻤﻠﺒﻟﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫................................. ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.................................................. ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫........................................ ....................... ...................... ................ .......................‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻊﻤ " ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨ ﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻴ ﺒ ﺯﻴ ﻤﻨ ﻑﻴ ﻜ "‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻴ ﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ً ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴ ﻜ ﺡﺭﺸﺍ -‬ ‫. ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻡﻀﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﺒ ﻌﺼ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴ ﺯﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﻀﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ /ﺏﺒﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺯﻟﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺒ ﺢﺼﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ  ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫. ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻠﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ / ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ ﺔ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ .‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫.............. ............................................................................................ : ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫·‬ ‫.............. ....................................................................................... .... : ﻥﻴﺴﻜﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫·‬ ‫................................................................................................. ......... : ﻥﻴﺘﻭﻴ ﺒﻟﺍ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫" ﺏﺎﺘ ﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ " . ﺔﻴﺘ ﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﺘ ﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺃ -‬ ‫ 41‪C7H‬‬ ‫ 81‪C9H‬‬ ‫ 22‪C10H‬‬ ‫ 21‪C5H‬‬ ‫ 8‪C4H‬‬ ‫·  ‬ ‫ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ‬ ‫. ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻸﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺍ -‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪n‬‬ ‫ 2‪CnH‬‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ﻣﺸﺒ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ  ﻌﺔ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺔﻌﺒﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻟﺍ‬ ‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ .‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ‬‫   ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻜﻟﻷﺍ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 8. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻊﺌﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻨﻜﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﻭ ﻤﻟﺍ ﻁ ﻐﻀ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ / ﻡ 2 .‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫: ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ .‬ ‫: ﻊﺌﺎﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ + ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ .‬ ‫: ﻕﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺎء ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ .‬ ‫: لﺎﻜﺴﺎﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻠﻴﺎً ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋ ً ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ  ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻛ‬ ‫: ﺱﺩﻴﻤﺨﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ‬ ‫·‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ‬‫. ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺹﻭﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺼﺍﻭﻐﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺩﻴ ﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﻔﻁﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺘﻄﻔﻮ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺢﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻔﻁﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺏﺫﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺯﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻴ ﺒﻟﺍ ﺱﻁﻐﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻟﺢ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﺘﻄﻔﻮ .‬‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺎﻬﺘ ﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻜﻴﻤﺴ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺒﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺯ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ .‬ ‫ ﺍ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺭﻬﻨ ﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻨ ﻴﻔﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻤﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ  " ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ "‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻱﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ  ‬ ‫ 3  ‬ ‫ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤ ﺯﺎﻏ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﻃﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﺱﺩﻴﻤﺨﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ  ‬ ‫ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ  ‬ ‫لﺎﻜﺴﺎﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ‬ ‫ 4  ‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ    ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺔ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 5‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 9. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫ 01‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 9‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 8‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 7‬ ‫ ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 6‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
  • 10. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻊﺌﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺔﻜﺭ ﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﻭ ﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 1‬ ‫   ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ : ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ٬ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ٬  ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ .‬ ‫ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺝ  ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫   ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻨ‬ ‫: ﺔﻴ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔ‬ ‫   ﻳﻘﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ .‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ‬ ‫·‬ ‫   ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ + ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻮﻡ + ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ  ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫: ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ‬‫·‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ .‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍ‬ ‫   ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ  ﻭﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫: ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ‬‫·‬ ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ .‬ ‫.‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻨﺘﻮﺭﻱ   ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺫﺍﺫ    ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ  ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻲﻟﻭﻨﺭﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ *‬ ‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ 2‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻁﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺘﻤﺃ‬ ‫ 01‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻕﻤﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﻻ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻪ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻜﺴ ﻁﺨ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﺒ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺭﻴﺫﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬‫. ﺎﺒﺩﺤﻤ ﻪﻟ ﻱﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻁﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﺌﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻨﺠ ﻡﻤﺼﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ / ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻮﻕ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ.‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫. ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﻱﺯﺍ ﻭﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﻫ ﺭﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺭﺌﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻨﺘ‬‫·‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﺘﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ .‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ 3‬ ‫-‬ ‫-‬ ‫ 4‬ ‫ 9‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬