1. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
‫ﺔﻨﻤﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ‬
‫ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ‬
‫ ‬
‫ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬
‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﻭ -‬ ‫ 1‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻝ .‬
‫: ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ .‬‫: ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﻝ ﺱ ‪. o‬‬
‫ /‬ ‫: ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺟﻮﻝ / ﻛﺠﻢ ﺱ ‪.o‬‬
‫ .‬ ‫: ﺔﻴ ﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .‬ ‫: " ﻱﺭﻭﻟﺎﻜﻟﺍ " ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﻌﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫·‬
‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ -‬ ‫ 2‬
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‫. ﺭﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺍﺭﺎﻬﻨ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬
‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﺎء ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ .‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‬
‫·‬
‫. ﺔﻴ ﻟﺯﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻓﺩﺘﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ‬
‫ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ .‬ ‫/ﺏﺒﺴﻟﺍ‬
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‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

2. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ 5‬ ‫ﺏﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤ لﺯﺎﻌﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ / لﻠﻋ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪ ً .‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺎﻤﻨﻴ ﺒ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ‬ ‫.‬
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‫ 4‬ ‫ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ‬
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‫ 3‬ ‫ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ‬ ‫ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ‬ ‫.‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‬
‫*‬
‫ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫. " ﺱﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ " لﺎﺜﻤ‬ ‫ ‬
‫*‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫. " ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺤﺴﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ " لﺎﺜﻤ‬
‫*‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫. " ﺩﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ لﺼﺘ ﺔﻨﻭﺨﺴﻟﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻁﻗ ﻥﻴ ﺨﺴﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ " لﺎﺜﻤ‬
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‫ 2‬ ‫؟ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺜﻤ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻊﻤ ؟ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ‬
‫: ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻨ ﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺊﻓﺎﻜﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻛﺠﻢ .‬
‫ /‬
‫: ﺩﻴﻌﺼﺘ ﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳ ﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻛﺠﻢ .‬
‫ /‬
‫: ﺭﺎﻬﺼﻨﻼﻟ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫·‬
‫·‬ ‫: ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺘﻻﺍ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ .‬
‫ 1‬ ‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬
‫ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺯ ﺘﻻﺍ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬
‫ ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

3. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ﺓﺭﺍﺭ ﺤﻟﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﻭ ﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘ : ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ‬
‫: ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ -‬ ‫ 1‬
‫ : ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .‬ ‫ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟ ﻲﻟﻭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ‬ ‫· ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫: ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟ ﻲﻤﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .‬
‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‬
‫.‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺔﺒﻠﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺠﻸﻟ ﻲﻟﻭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ -‬ ‫ 2 ‬
‫.‬‫ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘ ﻌﻴ لﺌ ﺍﻭﺴﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ‬ ‫ 3 ‬‫.‬
‫: ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ لﻠﻋ .‬ ‫ 4‬
‫ ‬ ‫. ﻥﺨﺎﺴ ﻩﺎﻴﻤ ﺭﻭﺒ ﻨﺼ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻪﻌﻀﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﻁﺭﻤﻟ ﻲﻨﺩﻌﻤ ﺀﺎﻁﻏ ﺢﺘﻓ لﻬﺴﻴ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ / ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﺴﻬﻞ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻃﺒﺎﻥ .‬
‫ﺱﻭﻴﺴﻠﺴ ﺭﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻁﺒﻬﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻕﻭﻘﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺩﺼﺘﺘ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ‬ ‫ / ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﻓﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺘﺘﻬﺎ .‬
‫ﺭﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺎﻁﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺩﻤﺠﺘﺘ ﻻ‬ ‫· ‬
‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ .‬
‫ ‬ ‫. ﺱﻜﺭﻴﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻭﺩ ﻙﻟﺫﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ﺩﺭﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎﺠﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺨﺎﺴ ﻕﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺴﻜﻨﻴ‬ ‫·‬
‫ / ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ ‬ ‫. ﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘ ﻪﻁﻭﻘﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺞﻠﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﻬﺼﻨ ﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ‬ ‫·‬
‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ‬ ‫.ﺎﺌﻓﺍﺩ ﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺏﺎﺒﻀﻟﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﻨﻋ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫·‬
‫ ﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .‬ ‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﺏ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ ‬ ‫. ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ لﺎﺒﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻤﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻠﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﺼﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ / ﺩﻴﺭﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴ ﻠﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ‬ ‫·‬
‫ / ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ .‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
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‫؟ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ -‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ " ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻱ "‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻲ‬
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‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

4. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

5. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

6. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬

7. ‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬
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‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ ﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺤ ﺭﻴﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﺼﻋ / ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ – ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻠﻟ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌ ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ‬