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Nutrition in immune system
1. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN IMMUNE
FUNCTIONS
UNIT 3
Dr Beela.G.K
Associate Professor
Department of Community Science
2. Significance of Nutrition
• Nutrition is important in
every aspect of human
physiology
• Immune function is highly
dependent on the nutritional
status of the individual.
• Nutritional status, in turn, is
dependent on the nutritional
intake and the metabolic
machinery of the individual
3. Appropriate Nutrition is required
• For all cells to function optimally and this includes the cells
in the immune system.
• To meet the demands of the immune system’s for energy
and nutrients can be met from exogenous sources i.e., the
diet
• To perform specific roles in the development and
maintenance of an effective immune system throughout
the life course.
Eg : the amino acid arginine is essential for the
generation of nitric oxide by macrophages, and the
micronutrients vitamin A and zinc regulate cell
division
4. Nutrient with multiple diverse
immunological effects
• A single nutrient can also exert multiple
diverse immunological effects
• Eg : Vitamin E, has a role as both antioxidant,
inhibitor of protein kinase C activity, and
potentially interacting with enzymes and
transport proteins
5. Excessive intake
• For some micronutrients, excessive intake can
also be associated with impaired immune
responses.
• Eg : supplementation with iron can increase
morbidity and mortality of those in malaria
endemic regions.
7. Functional Nutrtiments
• The nutriment which benefits our body
physiologically or reduce the risks of getting
illnesses rather than nutritious features, are
called functional nutriments.
• That are consumed naturally in daily feeding
habits
• Genetically modified
• Enriched nutriments Eg :Canola oil with
improved fatty acid, cranberry juice for
urinogenital cases, we can also exemplify omega-
3-fatty acid derived from fish and flaxseed
8. Blood
• Functions
– Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
– Removes waste products generated from
metabolism
• Immune function (white blood cells)
• Mechanism for heat transfer
9. Components of Blood
• Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport oxygen
through the body
• Leukocytes: white blood cells are key to our
immune system
• Platelets: cell fragments assist in blood
clotting
• Plasma: fluid portion of the blood maintains
adequate blood volume
10.
11. Micronutrients That Maintain Healthy
Blood
• Minerals
– Iron
– Zinc
– Copper
• Vitamins
– Vitamin K
– Vitamin B6
– Folate
– Vitamin B12
12. Carbohydrates (CHO):
• An important fuel cell for
immune system.
• Found in vegetative foods
containing carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen
molecules.
• That being present in
blood in the form of
glucose in certain
amount, is very important
in respect for provision of
continuous energy for
tissues
13. Fats
• Active role in some biological functions - absorption of
vitamins A, D, E and K needed for human , being a source of
omega 3 and omega 6 oil acid, being functional at neuritis
functions, provision of permeability and stability for cell
membranes .
• Fat acids are powerful modulators of immune response.
Eg : Linoleic acid also decreases allergic sensitization.
It is a well known fact that omega 3 fat acids lower blood
pressure and plasma aggregation and inflammative response .
It also features in controlling cellular immune response.
14. Proteins
• Make up frame work for cells and body defence
systems,enzymes that control body functions, and
some hormones.
• Many immune mechanisms rely on production of
active protein compounds or cell replication.
• Protein metabolism play an important role in formation
of natural and acquired immunity against infections.
Eg :Deficiency in essential amino acid can also cause
repression on immune system. Too much consumption of
some amino acids can cause diverse effect on immune
system functions .
15. Argenine
• Regarded as conditional essential amino acid and
contains nitrogen
• Enhances lymphocytic progress and phagocytosis,
and speeds up the wound healing.
• Enables normalization of T-cell response after
serious surgical procedures and traumas.
• Has also antitumor activity.
• Stimulates anabolic hormone cycle and enhances
nitrogen balance .
16. Glutamine
• Important nutrient for prolific cells (blood cells,
intestinal cells, cancer cells, etc).
• Has curative effects for digestive system, such as
cancer treatment and intestinal injury.
• It also takes part in regularization of acid-base
balance.
• Can be given either through vascular access or
orally
• There is no need for daily intake
18. Minerals
• Minerals are colourless substances found in nutrients
and are vital for cellular functions minerals are
substances that can’t be self created by body.
• Minerals generally collaborate with vitamins and
provide vitamins transportation to the most needed
areas.
• At the same time, they play important role in blood
pressure cardiac rhythm, muscular functions, keeping
the fluid balance, fertility and many more functions.
19. Iron
• Iron is a trace mineral
• Component of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in
erythrocytes and myoglobin in muscles
• Heme groups depend on iron to carry oxygen
in hemoglobin
• DNA synthesis and cognitive development
20. Iron
• Both deficiency and superabundance have an
effect on immune system.
• Virus and bacteria need iron for proliferation.
There for during acute infectious diseases, giving
iron should be avoided.
• In iron deficiency, transportation of white blood
cells toward infectious areas decreases and
destruction of microbes that entered in cells
abates.
21.
22. Maintaining Iron Homeostasis
• Regulation of iron digestion, absorption,
transport, storage, and excretion
• Factors that alter iron digestion and
absorption
– Individual's iron status
– Level of dietary iron consumption
– Type of iron in foods
– Amount of stomach acid for digestion
– Dietary factors enhance or inhibit absorption
23.
24. Iron absorption
• Factors that impair iron absorption
– Phytate (legumes, rice, and whole grains)
– Polyphenols (oregano, red wine, tea, coffee)
– Vegetable proteins
– Fiber
– Calcium
• Bioavailability of iron from vegan diet is
approx. 1–10%, vs. typical Western diet's
absorption of 14–18%
25. Regulation of Total Body Iron
• Absorption depends on:
– Amount consumed
– Amount needed
– Dietary factors affecting absorption
• Losses
– Major loss in turnover of gut enterocytes
– Lost in feces, menses, blood donations
• Storage and recycling
– As cells break down, iron is recycled and returned to
body's iron pool
26. Iron (cont.)
• Recommended intake
– RDA varies based on age and gender
– 8 mg/day for adult men
– 18 mg/day for adult women,19−50 years
– 27 mg/day for pregnant women
• Sources of iron
– Meat, poultry, fish, clams, oysters, liver, enriched
or fortified cereals and breads
– Supplements
27. Not Enough Iron
• Most common nutrient deficiency in the world
• High risk: infants, young children, adolescent
girls, premenopausal and pregnant women
• Poor dietary intakes
• Iron losses in blood and sweat
• Diets high in fiber or phytates that bind iron
• Low stomach acid
• Poor iron absorption: poor gut health or dietary
supplements with high mineral levels (e.g.,
calcium)
28. Too Much Iron
• Accidental iron overdose: most common cause
of poisoning deaths in children
• Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Hemochromatosis: excessive absorption of
dietary iron and altered iron storage
• Treatment: reduce dietary iron, avoid high
vitamin C intake, blood removal, chelation
drugs
29.
30. Zinc
• Zinc is a trace mineral
• Functions of zinc
– Component of enzymes (heme synthesis)
– Maintain structural integrity and shape of proteins
(zinc fingers)
– Assist in regulating gene expression
31.
32. Zinc (cont.)
• Metallothionein regulates absorption and
release
• Absorption increases with need: growth,
sexual development, pregnancy
• Dietary factors inhibit zinc absorption
– High non-heme iron intake
– Phytates and fiber (whole grains, beans)
• Dietary factor enhances zinc absorption
– Animal-based protein
33. Zinc (cont.)
• RDA: 8 mg/day for women, 11 mg/day for
men
• Sources of zinc
– Red meats, some seafood, whole grains, enriched
grains and cereals
34. Too Much Zinc
• Toxicity can occur from supplements
• Symptoms: intestinal pain, cramps, nausea,
vomiting
• Depressed immune function
• Decreased high-density lipoprotein
concentrations
• Interference with copper and iron absorption
35. Not Enough Zinc
• Deficiencies are uncommon in the United
States
• Symptoms: growth retardation, diarrhea,
delayed sexual maturation, hair loss, impaired
appetite, infections
• Lack of good assessment parameters for zinc
36. Copper
• Copper is a trace mineral
• Functions of copper
– Required for iron transport
– Cofactor in energy metabolism and for connective
tissue production
– Part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme
system
– Regulates neurotransmitters (serotonin)
37. Copper
• Factors that promote copper absorption
– More copper is absorbed with low-copper diet
• Factors that impair copper absorption
– High zinc intakes
– High iron intakes
38. Copper
• Recommended intake
– RDA for adults is 900 µg/day
• Sources of copper
– Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole-grain
foods
39. Copper
• Too much copper
– Toxicity is not well studied in humans
– Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea,
vomiting, liver damage (Wilson disease)
• Not enough copper
– Copper deficiency is rare
– Symptoms: anemia, reduced white blood cells,
osteoporosis (children—bone demineralization)
40. Vitamins
• Vitamins distinguish as
• Fat-soluble (A,D,E,K)
• Water-soluble (B,C)
• The effects of these vitamins on immune
system, have been study case for many
research .
41. Vitamin B
• Water soluble vitamin.
• B-complex vitamins are thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid and biotin.
• Apart from these, folic acid and B12 are among
the group B vitamins .
• Riboflavin, vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid are
effective on immune system .
• Vitamin B6, is the most needed one for immune
system among other group B vitamins.
42. • B12 and folic acid, play important role on protein,
DNA and RNA synthesize. For this reason they are
closely related to immune system. In vitamins B6
deficiency, production of immune body and
lymphocyte decreases. Same deficiencies emerge
in folic acid deficiency .
• Vitamin B12 also in close relation with folic acid
and deficiency of it effects protein and nucleic
acid synthesis negatively
43. Vitamin B6
• Essential for heme synthesis
• Integral part of the heme complex
• RDA for adults is 1.3 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day for
older women and 1.7 mg/day for older men;
UL is 100 mg/d
44. Vitamin B6
• Good sources include meats, poultry, fish, soy-
based foods, cereals, and starchy vegetables
• Deficiency can cause microcytic hypochromic
anemia and impairs protein metabolism
• Toxicity with high-dose supplements, affecting
nerves
45. Vitamin B12
• Functions
– Coenzyme for DNA synthesis
– Regeneration of folic acid
– Alterations in status mimic those seen with iron
and folate
46. Vitamin B12
• Recommended intake
– RDA for adults is 2.4 µg/day
• Sources of vitamin B12
– Found primarily in dairy products, eggs, meats,
poultry, fish, and shellfish (animal sources)
– Vegan diet may obtain vitamin B12 from fortified
foods, supplements, or injections
47. Vitamin B12
• Too much vitamin B12
– No known adverse effects
• Not enough vitamin B12
– Deficiency is rare, but associated with dietary
insufficiency or reduced absorption
– Gastrointestinal and neurologic effects (destroyed
myelin sheaths)
– Pernicious anemia (macrocytic) results in reduced
intrinsic factor production
48. Vitamin C
• Enhances the production
of white blood cell
• Protects the body against
infections and bacterial
toxins.
• During the infections, the
amount of vitamin C in
the body decreases .
• Contributes to iron
absorption
49. Vitamin A
• Fat soluble vitamin.
• Supplied from retinol and caratenoids .
• Course of illness having vitamin A makes the
disturbance gentler.
• Immune body production increases.
• Anti inflammatory effect.
• Formation the epithelial tissues, which spreads
over the body, visual function and provide
continuity in immunity functions .
50. Vitamin D
• Immunomodulatory affects .
• A powerful immune system regulator
• It is thought that, in adequate in take (50 mcg
is recommended) of it, it can be effective in
carrying out optimal immune functions,
reduction in autoimmune disease incident and
enhancing the clinical picture .
51. Vitamin E
• Shows inhibitory activity to formation of
immunomodulator and platelet on the grounds that it
is a fat soluble antioxidant, it enhances the immune
response.
• Stimulates the enhancement of white blood cell, helps
them to destroy foreign cells, helps destruction of
microbes by special cells and enhance resistance
against infectious agents.
• Enhances immune body productivity.
• Effective in strengthening immune system.
• Its antioxidant functions make vitamin E primarily
effective against infections
52. Vitamin K
• Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin important
for both bone and blood health
• Function of vitamin K
– Coenzyme assists in synthesizing blood
coagulating proteins: prothrombin and
procoagulants, factors VII, IX, and X
53. Vitamin K
• Factors that promote vitamin K absorption
– Gastrointestinal bacteria produce vitamin K
– Dietary need depends on intestinal health
• Factors that impair vitamin K absorption and
synthesis
– Impaired dietary fat absorption
– Excessive broad-spectrum antibiotics
54. Vitamin K
• Recommended intake
– AI for adults is 90 µg/day for women;120 µg/day
for men
– No established UL at this time
• Sources of vitamin K
– Green leafy vegetables, such as collard greens,
kale, spinach, cabbage
– Soybean and canola oils
55. Vitamin K
• Too much vitamin K
– No known side effects
• Not enough vitamin K
– Deficiency is rare
– Blood fails to clot, bleeding, hemorrhaging
– Fat malabsorption
– Newborns lack intestinal bacteria to produce
vitamin K (injection at birth)
56. Folate
• One of the B vitamins
• Folate used for all forms of food folate with
biological function, folic acid in supplements,
enriched and fortified foods
• Functions of folate (coenzyme)
– DNA and amino acid synthesis
– Cellular division and differentiation
– Functions with B12 and B6 metabolism
58. Folate
• Four states of folate deficiency similar to iron:
1. Negative folate balance (stage I)
2. Folate depletion (stage II)
3. Folate deficiency erythropoiesis (stage III)
4. Folate deficiency anemia (stage IV)
59. Folate
• Macrocytic anemias are larger than normal
red blood cells that inhibit adequate oxygen
transport
– Symptoms (similar to microcytic anemia) include
fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating,
headaches, shortness of breath, reduced capacity
for work
– Similar symptoms can result from vitamin B12
deficiency, so it's important to distinguish the
cause
60. Essential Fatty Acids
• Essential fatty acids are precursors for
signaling molecules eicosanoids
• Supplementation with EPA and DHA reduces
inflammation and may treat chronic
inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid
arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and
cardiovascular disease
61. Antioxidants
• In the course of metabolic functioning a large number
of oxidant substances develop. These are so reactive
free radicals and they should be neutralized by
antioxidants for not to be harmful to cells.
• In the course of neutralization of free radicals, Se, Zn,
Cu and Mn needed for enzymes to function.
• Vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, alfa tokoferol, beta-
carotene, uric acid, transferrin, seruloplazmin,
flavonoids, lycopene (tomato) are elemental
antioxidant substances.
• There is no need to take extra antioxidants for a person
who has health food regularly.
