2. Approach to Literature
Review
General web search
Literature within Institutions;
WSP, The World Bank, PPIAF,
GFOBA, BPD, IRC and WaterAid
3. Key Questions to the
Literature
Do they cover urban sanitation
tariffs from a water utility and local
government perspective?
4. Other questions to the
literature
Who are the target groups?
Who wrote this literature?
Does the literature covers different
perspectives?
Why this literature is written?
What assumptions the literature make?
Does it build an overall picture, within which
tariffs sit?
Does it specify good and bad practices of tariff
settings?
5. Literature Division
Core literature
Water and sanitation utilities
Sector financing, including subsidies
Sector institutions and their
relationships
Equity and inclusion
Partnerships
Output/ Result Based Approaches
(new)
6. Literature Trend
Most of it Partnership focused
Assumes PPP contracts in place
Combines water and sanitation
But ignores sanitation
Sometimes assumes sewerage
Makes a case for the utility
But also makes a case for the poorest
Non-conclusive on the larger picture
7. Literature Gaps
Which component of sanitation service
needs tariffs?
Where is the balance between cost
recovery and tariff setting?
How tariffs relates to investments?
How politics influenced tariffs?
How the tariffs figure is achieved?
What a good tariff could change?
Tariffs within water utility or solid
waste?
8. Three major gaps
Tariffs from a users perspective or
understanding the users? Especially
the low income users
Tariff with local governments
Tariffs on pit/ septic tank
emptying
9. Overall
There is less understanding of the
sanitation market, financing, including
all its components and users and it seems
that tariffs are picked up as a theme
within the literature on partnerships,
subsidies and now on output based
approaches.
10. Gaps by this research
Therefore this research is well
placed to fill some of the gaps;
especially at a time when there is
new hope for multiple delivery
systems
