2. • Understand the relationship between
verbal and non-verbal signals
• Be aware of how emotions are
reflected by body language
• Recognise how to determine the
meaning of non-verbal signals
• Understand how the face, looking
behaviour, gestures, touching, posture,
the use of furniture, spatial behaviour,
appearance and vocal cues can convey
meaning
• Understand how to decipher the
meaning of contradictory signals.
Learning
Objective
3. • Determining meaning
• There is more to listening than meets the
ears
• The face, gaze , gestures and posture
• The use of furniture
Learning
Materials
4. Knapp (1978) mengidentifikasi 6 perbedeaan dalam perilaku non-verbal yang dapat
berhubungan dengan hubungan verbal, yaitu :
1. Repeating : biasanya non-verbal hanya akan mengulangi apa yang dikatakan
secara verbal
2. Bertentangan : perilaku non-verbal pada dasarnya bertentangan dengan perilaku
verbal
3. Menggantikan : pada perbedaan ini perilaku non-verbal biasanya akan menanggapi
sebuah pertanyaan verbal dengan hanya menunjukkan gesture atau isyarat “thumbs-down
gesture”
4. Melengkapi : perilaku non-verbal biasanya dapat menguraikan atau memodifikasi
suatu pesan verbal seperti menanggapi sebuah pesan dengan senyum yang menandakan
sebuah antusias
5. Penekaan : pada perilaku non-verbal biasanya akan menanggapi sesuatu dengan
menganggukan kepala atau gerakan tangan yang memberikan penekanan pada sebuah
pembicaraan
6. Mengatur : biasanya perilaku non-verbal lebih sering untuk mengatur alur dari
sebuah percakapan antar orang
The Relationship Between Verbal and Non-Verbal Signal
5. Kata-kata yang diucapkan bukanlah satu-
satunya cara orang menyajikan informasi.
Tarifnya di mana kata-kata diucapkan,
nada suara yang digunakan, dan nada serta
volumenya semua dapat menyampaikan
makna, seperti cara penutur berpakaian,
gerak tubuh, kontak mata dan gerakan
tubuh. Jika kita mendengar kata-kata
mereka dalam isolaso dan mengabaikan
sinyal non-verbal, audio-vokal dan gerakan
visual yang menyertainya
There is more to listening than meets the ears
6. The Expression of Feelings
Bahasa tubuh merupakan elemen
terpenting, karena dapat memberikan
petunjuk yang berguna untuk
memperkuat sebuah pembicaraan pada
dasarnya non-verbal signals dapat
menampilkan ekspresi yang baik saat
menanggapi sebuah pembicaraan antar
seseorang ataupun kelompok
7. The relationship between verbal and non-verbal signals
make the point that verbal
utterances are closely
dependent on non-verbal
signals, which keep the speaker
and listener attending properly
to each other, sustain the
smooth alternation of speaker
and listener and add further
information to the literal
messages transmitte
Argyle and Kendon (1967) Knapp (1978)
He identifies six different
ways in which non-verbal
behaviour can be related to
verbal behaviour. These are
• Repeating
• Contradicting
• Substituting
• Complementing
• Accenting
• Regulatin
Argyle (1975)
summarising the experimental
work of others, lists many of
these. They include behaviours
that signal when:
• The listener wants to take
the floor
• The speaker wants to keep
the floor
• The speaker wants to yield
the floor
• The listener wants to
decline an offer of the floor
8. The Face
We often pay a lot of attention to other people’s
faces because they are a rich source of both
emotional expressions and interaction signals. A
number of studies have attempted to identify
those emotions that can be most readily
distinguished from facial expression. In practice
it would appear that this is more difficult than
many people imagine. In an attempt to
determine how accurately emotions can be
recognised from facial expressions Ekman et al.
(1971) developed a scoring system. It involved
dividing the face into three areas: (1) the brows
and forehead; (2) the eyes, lids and bridge of the
nose; and (3) the lower face including the cheek,
nose, mouth, chin and jaw
9. Gaze
Perilaku melihat dapat menandakan
keinginan untuk berkomunikasi. Bahwa
dengan memperhatikan arah tatapan kita
dapat mengidentifikasi hubungan penting
selama pertemuan. Mengamati pola
pandangan seperti itu selama satu periode
dapat mengungkapkan aliansi karena
orang cenderung paling melirik orang yang
sedang memperjuangkan tujuan mereka
we tend to look most at those whom we like. This conclusion is well
supported by experimental evidence. It has also been found that gaze is
perceived by others as a signal that they are liked.
-Argyle (1975)
10. Gestures
It is possible to distinguish between gestures that are intended to
communicate something and those that signal private reactions to what is
going on.
Intentional Gestures
Ekman and Friesen (1969) offer three categories of gestures that are
intentionally used to communicate a message to other.
• Emblems
• Illustrators
• Regulator
11. Unintentional gestures
They can also include gestures that may not be directly related
to a spoken message. Such unintentional gestures often involve
touching self, objects or others.
• Touching self
• Tounching objects
• Tounching others
found that the touch behaviour of nurses
increased the verbal output of patients
and improved patients ’ attitudes towards
nurses.
- AGULERA (1967)
found that in those situations where library clerks touched
some stu dents when returning their library cards, those
who were touched evaluated the clerk and the library more
favourably than those who were not touched
- FISHER ET AL (1976) -
12. POSTURE
Mehrabian (1968) menemukan
subjek mengadopsi postur yang
berbeda terhadap mereka yang
suka dan tidak menyukai.
Perubahan pada seseorang, postur
tubuh selama percakapan juga
perlu diperhatikan. Jika anggota tim
yang terpuruk tiba-tiba berdiri dan
duduk dikursi mungkin ada baiknya
mempertimbangkan apa yang
mendorong perubahan tersebut.
13. Appearance
Penampilan dimasukkan di sini
sebagai elemen penting daro
percakapan non-verbal.
Power-dressing adalah gaya modern
istilah yang berarti memilih apa yang akan
dipakai untuk membuat sebuah citra
berpengaruh atau dominan.
Argyle (1975)
mengemukakan bahwa orang dengan jenis
kepribadian tertentu lebih menyukai warna
dan fitur tertentu.
14. ~ Summary ~
attention to non-verbal behaviour can affect the ability to diagnose emotional states and
understand other people’s intentions. The relationship between non-verbal and verbal
behaviour has been examined and the ways in which the face, gestures, touching,
posture, the use of furniture and space, personal proximity, appearance and vocal cues
can convey meaning have been discussed. Attention has also been given to a range of
issues concerned with the accurate interpretation of the meaning of non-verbal signals
and the deciphering of contradictory signals
