1. Oersted 2. Ohm 3. Faraday 4. Maxwell 5. Tesla

1. SCIENTISTS BEHIND ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
Oersted, Ohm, Faraday, Maxwell, and Tesla
Ms. Maria Fatima L. Parro
MASED- Biology

2. Main Objectives:
• To understand the concept and origin of electricity
and magnetism through the discoveries and
inventions of Oersted, Ohm, Faraday, Maxwell, and
Tesla
• To determine how the current generation apply the
discoveries and inventions of Oersted, Ohm, Faraday,
Maxwell, and Tesla in real- life situations
Infused value: Innovation

3. Experiment Time!
Materials:
a. balloon
b. cloth
Procedure:
Rub the balloon on a piece of cloth and place it on
the hair of your classmate.

5. Follow- up questions:
• What have you observed
while conducting the
experiment?
• What can you conclude
based from the experiment?

6. Electromagnetism

7. History of Electricity and Magnetism
1820
Electromagnetism, Current
1826
Resistance (currents causing heat)
1830
Inductance, Electromagnetic Theory
1855
Electromagnetic Induction
1883
Alternating Current System

10. Hans Christian Ørsted
(Danish physicist and chemist)
August 14, 1777 – March 9, 1851

11. Place of Birth
Rudkøbing, Denmark
August 14, 1777

12. Family Tree
Søren Christian Ørsted Karen Hermansen
Hans
Christian
Anders
Sandoe
Jacob
Albert
Niels
Randulph
HermannSøren
Christian
Christiane
Albertine
Barbara
Albertine
Inger
Birgitte
Ballum
Karen Niels
Christian
Sophie
Wilhelmine
Bertha
Anna
Dorthea
Marie
Sophie
Wilhelmine
Bertha
Mathilde
Elisabeth Anders
Sandoe
Albert
Nicolay

13. • 1793 – University of Copenhagen
• 1796 – awards for papers in
aesthetics and physics
• 1799 – PhD “The Architectonics of
Natural Metaphysics”

15. • 1800-1801 – visited Germany,
Holland and France for
Lectures
• 1801- public grant, travel
scholarship in Europe (3 years)
*Germany- met Johann Wilhelm Ritter

16. • 1806 – professor at the
University of Copenhagen
• 1811 – published manuals:
a. Videnskaben om
Naturens Almindelige Love
(Science of Nature Ordinary Love)
b. Første Indledning til den
Almindelige Naturlære
(First Introduction to General Nature
Learning)

17. • 1812 – visited Berlin,
Germany and Paris, France
*Awarded the Copley Medal
and given 3,000 gold franks
• 1820 (April 21) – Oersted’s
Law

18. Awards
• The Royal Society of London gave him the Copley
Medal and the French Academy awarded him with
3,000 gold francs.

20. Discovery
• Electric Currents (a flow of electric charge) create magnetic fields-
the first connection between electricity and magnetism.

21. Discovery

22. Discovery
• Right hand Rule

23. • Right hand Rule
Discovery

24. • 1822 – royal member, Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences
• 1824 - founded Selskabet for
Naturlærens Udbredelse (SNU)
• 1825 – produced aluminum for the
first time
• 1829- established Royal Polytechnic
Institute
- founded Den Polytekniske
Læreanstalt ('College of
Advanced Technology')

25. Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse (SNU)
• Founder, president - a society to disseminate
knowledge of the natural sciences.

26. Aluminum
-first produced aluminum through heating anhydrous
aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam and distilling off
the mercury.

27. March 9, 1851
• He died due to
unknown short
illness at
Assistens
Cemetery in
Copenhagen.
• 73 years old

28. Legacy
• Centimetre-gram-second system
(CGS) unit of magnetic induction (oersted) is named
for his contributions to the field of
electromagnetism
In a vacuum, if the magnetizing field strength is 1 Oe, then the magnetic field density is 1 G, whereas, in a
medium having permeabilityr (relative to permeability of vacuum), their relation is:
Because oersteds are used to measure magnetizing field strength, they are also related to the magnetomotive
force (mmf) of current in a single-winding wire-loop:

29. Legacy
• First Danish Satellite (Oersted)

30. Legacy
• H.C. Oersted Institute

31. Legacy
• Oersted Medal
• 100 Danish Kroner

34. Georg Simon Ohm
( German physicist and mathematician, teacher)
March 16, 1789- July 6, 1854

35. March 16, 1789
Erlangen, Germany

36. Family Tree
Johann Wolfgang Ohm
Protestant locksmith
Maria Elisabeth Beck
daughter of a tailor
Georg Simon Martin
Mathematician
Elizabeth
Barbara

37. • 1800 – Attended Erlangen gymnasium
• 1806 – Mathematics teacher,
Gottstadt bei Nidau
• 1809- private tutor in Neuchâtel
• 1811 – University of Erlangen
*Doctorate degree
• 1813 – Mathematics and Physics
teacher, low quality school in
Bamberg

38. • 1816- Bamberg school closed,
taught Math in another
overcrowded school in Bamberg
• 1817- sent completed manuscript
to King Wilhelm III of Prussia
- offered a position at Jesuit
gymnasium (cologne)

39. • 1827- published Die galvanische
Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet
(The Galvanic Circuit Investigated
Mathematically)
• First appearance of Ohm’s law

40. Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law illustrated graphically
as Georg Ohm equals Alessandro
Volta over André-Marie Ampère.

41. Ohm’s Law

42. Ohm’s Law

43. Ohm’s Acoustic Law
• Acoustic Phase Law
• A musical sound is perceived by the ear
as a set of a number of constituent
pure harmonic tones.

44. • 1833- taught at Polytechnic
school in Nuremberg
• 1841 – Awarded copley medal by
the Royal Society
• 1842- Foreign member of the
Royal society

45. • 1845- full member of Bavarian
Academy of Sciences and Humanities
• 1849- Beiträge zur Molecular-Physik
(Molecular Physics)
• 1852 – professor of experimental
Physics, chair of Physics, University of
Munich

46. July 6, 1854
• He was working on
the manuscript of his
textbook on optics
when he died for
unknown reasons at
Munich, Germany
• His remains were
buried at Alter
Südfriedhof (Old
South Cemetery) also
known as "Alter
Südlicher Friedhof"

47. Legacy
• Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s Acoustic Phase Law
• SI unit of Resistance is ohm (ῼ)
galvanometer

50. Michael Faraday
(English Scientist)
September 22, 1791- August 25, 1867

51. September 22, 1791
Newington Butts, London, United Kingdom

52. Family Tree
James Faraday Margaret Hastwell
Elizabeth
Gray
Sarah
Bernard
Michael
Faraday
Richard
Thomas
Margaret
Barnard
Faraday
Robert
Barnard
Faraday

53. • 1790 – family moved to London
• 1805- Apprentice to George Ribave
(7years)
*Read many books including Isaac Watt’s
“Improvement of the Mind”
• 1812- end of apprenteceship
–Attended lectures of Humphry Davy
and John Tatum

54. Michael Faraday as an apprentice

55. • 1813- employed as an assistant to Davy
–Became Davy’s valet
• 1821 – married Sarah Bernard
• 1832 – granted Doctor of Civil Law
honorary (University of Oxford)
• 1838- Elected as foreign member of the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

56. Assistant to Davy

57. Lab works…

58. Michael and Sarah Faraday

59. • 1839 – suffered nervous breakdown
• 1844- One of the 8 members elected
for the French Academy of Sciences
• 1848 – awarded a grace favor house in
No. 37 Campton Court Road
*Master Mason’s House (Faraday’s House)
• 1849 – elected as associate member of
French Academy and Sciences

60. Faraday’s House

61. • 1853-1856 – refused to produce
chemical weapons and poison gases for
the Crimean war

62. August 25, 1867
• Michael Faraday died at
his house, aged 75 due
to unknown reasons.
• During his life, he had
been offered burial in
Westminster Abbey
along with Britain’s kings
and queens and
scientists of the stature
of Isaac Newton.
• His grave, where Sarah is
also buried, can still be
seen in London’s
Highgate Cemetery.

63. Legacy
• Faraday's law of induction
• Electrochemistry
• Faraday effect
• Faraday cage
• Faraday constant
• Faraday cup
• Faraday's laws of electrolysis
• Faraday paradox
• Faraday rotator
• Faraday-efficiency effect
• Faraday wave
• Faraday wheel
• Lines of force

64. Legacy
• Electric motor technology
• Benzene
• Clathrate hydrate of chlorine
• Early form of bunsen burner
• System of oxidation number
• Anode, cathode, electron, ion
• Discovered 2 new compounds of chlorine and carbon
• New kinds of glass for experiment (rotation of the
plane of polarisation of light)

65. Elactromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic induction.mp4

66. Faraday’s Law

67. Faraday cage

68. Faraday effect/ Faraday Rotation
• A magneto-optical phenomenon—that is,
an interaction between light and
a magnetic field in a medium. The Faraday
effect causes a rotation of the plane
of polarization which is linearly
proportional to the component of the
magnetic field in the direction of
propagation. Formally, it is a special case of
gyroelectromagnetism obtained when the
dielectric permittivity tensor is diagonal.
where
β is the angle of rotation (in radians)
B is the magnetic flux density in the direction of propagation
(in teslas)
d is the length of the path (in meters) where the light and magnetic
field interact
is the Verdet constant for the material. This empirical
proportionality constant (in units of radians per tesla per
meter) varies with wavelength and temperature and is
tabulated for various materials.

69. Faraday constant

70. Faraday’s Law on electrolysis

74. James Clerk Maxwell
(Scottish Scientist)
June 13, 1831- November 5, 1879

75. What’s to
go with
that?

76. 13 June 1831
Edinburgh, United Kingdom

77. Family Tree

78. • 1839 – mother died of abdominal cancer (8 years old)
• 1841 – Edinburgh Academy
• 1844 - he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize
for both English and poetry
• 1845 – wrote first scientific paper
*His work Oval Curves was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh by James
Forbes, a professor of natural philosophyat Edinburgh University
• 1847 - attending classes at the University of Edinburgh
• 1849 - Maxwell contributed two papers for the Transactions of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh:
a. On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids
b. Rolling Curves

79. • 1850 - Maxwell left Scotland for the University of Cambridge
-He initially attended Peterhouse, but before the end of his
first term transferred to Trinity, where he believed it would
be easier to obtain a fellowship.
• 1851 - Maxwell studied under William Hopkins, whose success
in nurturing mathematical genius had earned him the
nickname of "senior wrangler-maker”.
• 1854 - Maxwell graduated from Trinity with a degree in
mathematics earning himself the title of Second Wrangler
• 1855 – made paper Experiments on Colour laid out the
principles of colour combination and was presented to the
Royal Society of Edinburgh

80. A Problem in Dynamics, 1854
An inextensible heavy chain
Lies on a smooth horizontal plane,
An impulsive force is applied at A,
Required the initial motion of K.
Let ds be the infinitesimal link,
Of which for the present we’ve only to think;
Let T be the tension, and T + dT
The same for the end that is nearest to B.
Let a be put, by a common convention,
For the angle at M ‘twixt OX and the tension;
Let Vt and Vn be ds‘s velocities,
Of which Vt along and Vn across it is;
Then Vn/Vt the tangent will equal,
Of the angle of starting worked out in the
sequel.

81. Color

82. • 1856- father died
-Maxwell accepted the professorship at Aberdeen, leaving
Cambridge
-He committed himself to lecturing 15 hours a week,
including a weekly pro bono lecture to the local working
men's college
• 1859 - Maxwell was awarded the £130 Adams Prize for his
essay On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings
• 1857 - Maxwell befriended the Reverend Daniel Dewar, who was
then the Principal of Marischal. Through him
Maxwell met Dewar's daughter, Katherine Mary
Dewar.
- Prediction on Saturn’s rings

83. Saturn’s Rings

84. • 1858 (early) – engaged with Katherine Mary Dewar
• 1858 (2 June) – married at Aberdeen
• 1860 - Marischal College merged with the
neighbouring King‘s College to form the University of
Aberdeen. There was no room for two
professors of Natural Philosophy, so Maxwell, despite
his scientific reputation, found himself laid off.
• 1860 – smallpox
- awarded the Royal Society's Rumford Medal for
his work on colour
*This period of his life would see him display the world's first light-fast colour photograph,
further develop his ideas on the viscosity of gases, and propose a system of defining
physical quantities—now known as dimensional analysis.

85. Katherine Mary Dewar and James Clerk Maxwell

86. • 1861 – published On physical lines
of force
• 1862 - Two more parts were later
added to and published in that
same paper
• 1871 - first Cavendish Professor of
Physics at Cambridge

87. November 5, 1879
• He died in Cambridge of
abdominal cancer.
• Maxwell is buried
at Parton Kirk, near Castle
Douglas in Galloway close to
where he grew up

88. Electromagnetic Theory
-Electromagnetic waves could
move through empty space
-Light eventually was proved to
be electromagnetic
-Light is made up of very small
packets
of electromagnetic energy called
PHOTONS (the smallest unit of
radiant energy)
-These photons move at a
constant speed in the medium
through which they travel
-Photons move at a faster speed
through a vacuum than they do
in the atmosphere, and at a
slower speed through water than
air.

89. 4 Basic Maxwell’s Equations

90. Maxwell’s Equations Power Systems

93. Nikola Tesla
(Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist)
July 10, 1856-January 7, 1943

94. 10 July 1856
Smiljan, Croatia

95. Family Tree
Milutin Tesla Duka Tesla
Milka
Tesla
Angelina
Tesla
Dane
Tesla
Marica
Tesla
Nikola
Tesla

96. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1861 - Tesla attended the "Lower" or
"Primary" School in Smiljan where he
studied German, arithmetic, and
religion
• 1862 - the Tesla family moved
to Gospić, Austrian Empire,
where Tesla's father worked as a
pastor
- Nikola completed "Lower" or
"Primary" School, followed by
the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or
"Normal School

97. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1870 - Tesla moved to Karlovac, to
attend school at the Higher Real
Gymnasium, where he was
profoundly influenced by a math
teacher Martin Sekulić
• 1873 – graduated 4-year term in
three years
-Tesla returned to his birthtown,
Smiljan, had a cholera
• 1874 - He explored the mountains in
hunter's garb

98. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1875 - Tesla enrolled at Austrian
Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on
a Military Frontier scholarship
• 1879 – father died
- Tesla was returned to Gospić
under police guard for not having
a residence permit
• 1879 – Millutin Tesla died
• 1880 - he arrived too late to enroll
at Charles-Ferdinand University

99. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1881 - Tesla moved to Budapest to
work under Ferenc Puskás at
a telegraph company, the
Budapest Telephone Exchange
• 1882 - Tesla began working for the
Continental Edison Company in
France
• 1884 - he was hired by Thomas
Edison to work at his Edison
Machine Works on Manhattan's
lower east side

100. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1885 - redesign Edison's inefficient
motor and generators, making an
improvement in both service and
economy
• 1886 - Tesla partnered with two
businessmen Robert Lane
and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to
finance an electric lighting
company in Tesla's name, Tesla
Electric Light & Manufacturing

101. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1886 - Tesla met Alfred S. Brown,
a Western Union superintendent,
and New York attorney Charles F.
Peck
• 1887 - formed the Tesla Electric
Company
• 1887 - a time of "terrible headaches
and bitter tears." During this
time, he questioned the value of
his education

102. Life, Works, and Writings
• 1888 - Thomas Commerford Martin (a
friend and publicist), arranged for
Tesla to demonstrate his
alternating current system,
including his induction motor, at
the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers (now IEEE)

103. Cause of Death
• In his room in Hotel New
Yorker in New York City,
he died of coronary
thrombosis (heart
failure) and found by his
maid after.

104. Alternating Current vs. Direct Current

105. Alternating Current vs. Direct Current

106. Alternating Current vs. Direct Current

107. Alternating Current

109. Wireless Radio Transmission

110. Wireless Radio Transmission

111. Tesla Oscillator

112. Tesla vs. Edison and Marconi

113. Patents
1.U.S. Patent 0,334,823 - Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 January 26 - Elements to prevent sparking on dynamo-electric machines; Drum-style with brushes.
2.U.S. Patent 0,335,786 - Electric Arc lamp - 1886 February 9 - Arc lamp with carbon electrodes controlled by electromagnets or solenoids and a clutch mechanism; Corrects earlier design flaws common to the
industry.
3.U.S. Patent 0,335,787 - Electric arc lamp - 1886 February 9 - Arc lamp's automatic fail switch when arc possesses abnormal behavior; Automatic reactivation.
4.U.S. Patent 0,336,961 - Regulator for dynamo electric machines - 1886 March 2 - Two main brushes connected to helices coil ends; Intermediate point branch shunt connection for third brush.
5.U.S. Patent 0,336,962 - Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 March 2 - Auxiliary brush[es] shunting a portion or whole of the field helices coil; Regulates energy flow; Adjustable level of current.
6.U.S. Patent 0,350,954 - Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 October 19 - Automatic regulation of energy levels; Mechanical device to shift brushes.
7.U.S. Patent 0,359,748 - Dynamo electric machine - 1887 March 22 - Improve construction; Facilitate easier construction; Reduce the cost; Magnetic frame; Armature; Alternating current synchronous motor.
381968 - Electro magnetic motor
8.U.S. Patent 0,381,968 - Electro magnetic motor - 1888 May 1 - Mode and plan of operating electric motors by progressive shifting; Field Magnet; Armature; Electrical conversion; Economical; Transmission of
energy; Simple construction; Easier construction; Rotating magnetic field principles.
9.U.S. Patent 0,381,969 - Electro Magnetic Motor - 1888 May 1 - Novel form and operating mode; Coils forming independent energizing circuits; Connected to an alternating current generator; Synchronous
motor.
10.U.S. Patent 0,381,970 - System of Electrical Distribution - 1888 May 1 - Current from a single source of supply in the main or transmitting circuit induce by induction apparatus; Independent circuit(s); Electric
distributor.
11.U.S. Patent 0,382,279 - Electro Magnetic Motor - 1888 May 1 - Rotation is produced and maintained by direct attraction; Utilizes shifting poles; Induction magnetic motor.
12.U.S. Patent 0,382,280 - Electrical Transmission of Power - 1888 May 1 - New method or mode of transmission; Dynamo motor conversion with two independent circuits for long distance transmission;
Alternating current transmission; Includes a disclaimer; Economic; Efficient.
13.U.S. Patent 0,382,281 - Electrical Transmission of Power - 1888 May 1 - Improvements in electromagnetic motors and their mode or methods of their operations; Motor is wound with coils forming independent
circuits on the armature; Armature is mounted to rotate between two different poles; Armature will eventually synchronize with that of the generator; Windcoils or coils on the field magnets; Expose to continuous
current to maintain a permanent field.
14.U.S. Patent 0,382,282 - Method of Converting and Distributing Electric Currents - 1888 May 1 - Related to electric distribution systems; Current is from a single main source or suitable transmitting circuit;
Induction into an independent circuit; Divide the current from a single source; Transformations; Discovery of method to avoid prior liable and dangerous methods; True Dynamic induction.
15.U.S. Patent 0,382,845 - Commutator for dynamo electric machines - 1888 May 15 - Relates to dynamo-electric machines or motors; Improvements on devices to collect or communicate currents; Avoids
destruction and wear of machine; Avoid adjustments due to destruction and wear; Enable practical construction of very large dynamo electric machines or motors with the minimum number of communicator
segments; Increases safety and efficiency.
16.U.S. Patent 0,390,413 - System of electrical distribution - 1888 October 2 - Related to previous electric distribution systems developed by Tesla; Examples of systems in operation with motors or converters, or
both, in parallel; Examples of systems in parallel; Examples of systems in series.
17.U.S. Patent 0,390,414 - Dynamo Electric Machine - 1888 October 2 - Related to the patents of Tesla and Charles F. Peck, numbers: US381968 and US382280; Ordinary forms of continuous and alternate
current systems may be adapted to Tesla's system, with slight changes to the systems; Effects their forms; Only the best and most practical solutions are presented to the three most common forms of the devices
applicable; Illustrated are the continuous (or closed) circuit machines, machines possessing armatures with coils connected diametrically (known as "open-circuits"), and machines with armature-coils of which
have a common joint.
18.U.S. Patent 0,390,415 - Dynamo Electric Machine or Motor - 1888 October 2 - Improvement in the construction of dynamo or magneto electric machines; Novel form of frame and field magnets that renders the
machine more sturdy and compact as a structure; Requires fewer parts; Less difficulty in construction; Lower expense; Useful to alternating and continuous current machines.
19.U.S. Patent 0,390,721 - Dynamo Electric Machine - 1888 October 9 - Relates chiefly to the alternate current machine invented by Mr. Tesla; Related to patents numbered US381968 and US382280; Seeks to
avoid mechanical drawback of running high frequency machines; Efficient at low speeds; Producing rotating magnetic poles in one element of the machine and drive the other at a different speed.
20.U.S. Patent 0,390,820 - Regulator for Alternate Current Motors - 1888 October 9 - Improvement in the electrical transmission systems; Means of regulating and power of the motor or motors; Used with system
of multiple motors primarily (or systems with motors and transformers) that have independent energizing circuits which act to set up progressive or shifting magnetic poles (i.e. the rotating magnetic field); Controls
the speed of the motor.
21.U.S. Patent 0,396,121 - Thermo Magnetic Motor - 1888 January 15 - Widely known that heat applied to a magnetic body will lessen its magnetizing ability; High enough temperatures will destroy the magnetic
field; Mechanical power by a reciprocating action obtained from the joint action of heat, magnetism, and a spring or weight (or other force); In this patent, the application of heat to a body that is magnetized by
induction or otherwise to the action of heat until the magnetism is neutralized to allow a weight or a spring to give action and lessen the action of the heat to restore the magnetic effect to move the body in the
opposite direction.

114. Patents

115. Superman vs. Tesla

116. Death Beam

117. Why?
He advocated for the principles of eugenics and
forced sterilization to ensure that only humans
with the most desirable traits could reproduce.
And he insisted that men would one day be
forced to submit to women.

118. Is it a UFO?
No, it is
Tesla’s
Flying
Saucer

119. Nikola Tesla

120. The Question is…

121. HAARP
High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program

122. Scientists behind Electricity & Magnetism
Year Scientist Invention
1820 Oersted • Current in wire produces magnetic field
1826 Ohm • Complete Theory of Electricity
• Ohm’s Law
1830 Faraday • Changing magnetic field produces electric field
• Laws of Induction
1864 Maxwell • Complete mathematical description of
electromagnetism based on field equations
1887 Tesla • Creating an induction motor that ran on
alternating current

124. References
• "Hans Christian Oersted." Famous Scientists. famousscientists.org. 26 Sep. 2015. Web.
4/23/2016 <http://www.famousscientists.org/hans-christian-oersted/>.
• Robert C. Stauffer. Speculation and Experiment in the Background of Oersted’s Discovery
of Electromagnetism. Isis Vol. 48: p33-50, March, 1957
• http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hans_Christian_Oersted.aspx
• http://www.jensenj.dk/NAVNEINDEX%20total/f2486.html
• http://www.jensenj.dk/NAVNEINDEX%20total/f2485.html
• http://www.wired.com/2011/06/how-static-electricity-works/
• http://www.famousscientists.org/james-clerk-maxwell/
• http://ektalks.blogspot.com/2014/02/james-clerk-maxwell-family-tree.html
• http://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443
• http://www.brighthubengineering.com/commercial-electrical-applications/65361-how-
electromagnetism-changed-our-world/
• http://tikalon.com/blog/blog.php?article=2013/Ohm
• http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/gadgets/resistors/resistor.htm
• http://mypoeticside.com/poets/james-clerk-maxwell-poems