its a critical analysis of land reforms in bhutto regime

1. FINAL PROJECT OF PCDP Topic Land Reforms and nationalization in Bhutto Regime Submitted By Arisha Arif Attiya Iqbal Maria Javed Sadaf Imtiaz Saima Zia Tehmina Chaudhary

2. LAND REFORMS IN PAKISTAN 1972-77 Attiya Iqbal

13. THE AGE OF REFORMS/ LAND REFORMS INTRODUCED BY BHUTTO IN 1972

18. Expectations from the Land Reforms 1972 of Bhutto Government

20. Impact of Land Reforms among Four Federating Units of Pakistan: (1972-77)

21. Diagram of Land distribution till 1972 among Federating Units of Pakistan PUNJAB SINDH NWFP BALOCHISTAN

22. TABLE DISCRIPTION Province Total area Resumed Number of the landlords affected Punjab 5,58,000 acres 1013 Sindh 2,55,000 acres 751 Balochistan 2,45,000 acres 229 N W F P 1,34,000 acres 238

23. LAND REFORMS CONTINUE Maria Javed

28. Measures in 1975 In 1975 , Bhutto announced that the small owners (those whose land holdings would not exceed 12 acres of irrigated or 25 acres of un-irrigated land) would be exempt from land revenue , and that government would invest in housing for the rural poor, artisans, farm labourers, and tenants without houses.

29. Measures in 1976 In 1976 , the government again reduced the ceilings on irrigated land, resuming on additional 1.8 million acres.

30. LAND REFORMS INTRODUCED BY BHUTTO IN 1977 In January 1977 , Bhutto further reduced the ceiling to 100 acres of land (about four hectares) and 200 acres (about eight hectares) of un-irrigated land. Unlike the pervious reforms the owners whose land was confiscated were given some compensation and like before the land was distributed free amongst the peasant .

32. 2. Underestimation of power of landed class Bhutto had greatly underestimated the power of the landed classes. The landlords effectively control the village in all the spheres of life . 3. Right anticipation of land reforms declaration before announcement The landlords had rightly anticipated, before Bhutto could announce the land reforms, that the reforms would be forthcoming. A large number of landowners, therefore, transferred land in the name of other member of family in order to keep the land within family after the land restriction were imposed. 4. Land transform to trusted tenants of land owners In addition to that the big landowners who were left with large surplus areas transferred ownership to their trusted tenants and simultaneously leased back land form them on a long term agreement.

34. Unequal Land Distribution The estimate shown in figure below is based on the 1972 . Figure shows that, 30 per cent of total farm area in Pakistan was owned by landowners in the size class 150 acres or more; by contrast the percentage of farm area operated by farmers in this size class was only 9.2 per cent .

36. HYV (High Yield Variety) facility : HYV technology usage in crops was a productive facility introduced in Bhutto regime. Consider HYV wheat facility, as soon as this facility had been consolidated in 1972 , 90 percent of farmers had switched from traditional varieties to HYVs by that point as HYV seeds introduced in Pakistan in the mid 1960s were widely adopted H YV Technology

39. Today in Pakistan, land ownership still remains highly concentrated. More than half of the country's total farm land is in farms of fifty acres or more. Nonetheless, although meaningful land reforms in Pakistan may be difficult to implement, especially given the current feudal structure of power in the country, it is still necessary to work towards reforms that will work. The key is solving the issue of how to implement reforms by a body other than the landowning classes which sees these changes as detrimental to them and has and will try to circumvent the process. CONCLUSION

40. Nationalization By Saima Zia

55. Units taken over in Karachi 1 Steel Corporation of Pakistan Fancy 2 Hyeson's Steel Hyesons 3 Ali Automobiles Jaffer Bros 4 Kandawala Industries 5 ROK Industries 6 Haroon Industries Haroon 7 Wazir Ali Industries Packages 8 Gandhara Industries Bibojee

56. Units taken over in Karachi 9 Indus Chemical and Industries 10 Valika Cement Valika 11 Karachi Gas Fancy 12 Valika Chemicals Valika 13 Karachi Electric Fancy-Jaffer Bros 14 National Refinery 15 Pakistan Fertilizer Corporation Jaffer Bros

57. Units taken over in Punjab and NWFP 16 BECO C.M.Latif 17 M.K.Foundary 18 Ittefaq Foundry Ittefaq 19 Rana Tractors 20 United Chemicals Saigol 21 Pakistan Cement Saigol 22 Ismaeel Cement Colony

58. Units taken over in Punjab and NWFP 23 Valika Steel Works Valika 24 Jaffer Steel Corporation Jaffer Bros 25 Pakistan Progressiv Cement Wah Colony 26 Pakistan progressive Cement Dandot Colony 27 RawalPindi Electrics 28 Modern Steel Muredke 29 Multan Electric Supply Colony 30 Karim Industries Nowshehra Nishat

61. Nationalized Banks and their ownership 1 Habib Bank Ltd. Habib 2 United Bank Ltd Saigol 3 Muslim Commercial Bank Adamjee 4 Australasia Bank Colony 5 Premier Bank Arag 6 Habib Bank Overseas Habib 7 Commerce Bank Ltd Fancy 8 Memon Cooperative Bank Dawood 9 Lahore Commercial Bank Dawood

62. Nationalized Insurance Companies 1 Eastern Federal Union (EFU) Arag 2 United Insurance Valika 3 New Jubilee Fancy 4 Adamjee Insurance Adamjee 5 Habib Insurance Habib 6 Premier Crescent 7 Central Dawood 8 IGI Packages 9 Union Nishat

63. Nationalized Shipping Companies 1 Pan Islamic Shipping Arag Industries 2 United Oriental Shipping Arag Industries 3 Trans Ocean Shipping 4 Mohammadi Shipping Arag Industries 5 Pakistan Shipping 6 East and West Shipping 7 Gulf Steam Shipping 8 Chittgong Shipping 9 Crescent Shipping Crescent