1. Regional Variations in Swedish Farming Household Structure, 1890-1907
Mark Magnuson, Karlstad University, Sweden
Questions
1. Did Sweden’s elderly, who were living on farms,
show regional variation in their family household
structure in 1890 and 1900?
2. Likewise, do the bailiffs with low percentages of
elderly living in one-generational households and
on farms also have low percentages of household
retirement contracts during the first decade of the
20th century?
3. Do Sweden’s rural bailiffs with elderly living on
farms and in high one-generational households also
share a low percentage of public assistance for
those over 60?
4. Did high percentages of one-generational house
holds in a bailiff coincide with higher percent of
farmers owning larger property, or high percent
specializing in a specific grain such as wheat?
Data and Methods
• 1890 and 1900 Swedish Census: Complete-count micro-data representing
4,843,782 and 5,200,111 person records (North Atlantic Population Project
and the Swedish National Archives)
• Ålderdomsförsäkringskommittéen (1912): Elderly Insurance Committee,
provides individuals over 60 years old in household retirement contracts and
those receiving public assistance collected in 1907 and totals were
published at the bailiff administrative level (n=119). The survey was sent to
all registered elderly over 60 year old and returned 373,172 individuals with
6.7% deemed unusable.
• Emigrationsutredning (1910): Emigration Commission provides national
grain and land ownership data from 1902 and 1905, published at the
hundred administrative level (n=361).
Census data reclassifications include individuals from the age group and
occupation least affected by time. Individuals over 60 years old in farming
one-generational household aggregated to the bailiff administrative level are
chosen to best correspond with the administrative scale of Elderly
Insurance Committee’s data. The graph below provides an aggregated
national context for agriculture, non-agriculture and age for those living in
one-generational households.
Spatial clustering uses census data which is aggregated to the commune/
parish administrative level and analyzed using Anselin Moran I cluster/
outliers analysis. Associations between dependent census data and
independent Elderly Insurance Committee and Emigration Commission data
are analyzed using a simple Pearson correlation.
Answers
1. Sweden’s elderly living in farming and one-generation family households were clustered in
high and low percentage regions.
2. As expected, household retirement contracts were negatively correlated with one-
generational family households. However, a cluster of bailiffs along the Southwestern
border of Norway had both low percentages of one-generational family households and
low participation in household retirement contracts.
3. The Swedish aggregate data did not support the nuclear hardship hypothesis with
the possible exception of the previous mentioned bailiff cluster. One-generational family
household were, in fact, correlated with higher levels of poverty among those over 60.
4. Ecology hypothesis, when represented by wheat as a percentage of total grain production
and average size owned farmland over 20 hectares, is supported at both the hundred and
bailiff aggregated administrative levels. This provides support to David Gaunt’s
hypothesis in which specialized farming and large land holdings; reduced the
opportunities for young couples to own land, their elders to transfer land to an offspring,
and diminished work opportunities during the winter months.
Motivation
As European states implement austerity measures and
adjust for an aging population, it becomes increasingly
important to provide demographic-based family
histories, in order to understand and communicate the
development of the social policies to other academic
disciplines.
Prior hypotheses describing the normative family
structure in terms of Northwest Europe, are not
sufficient when comparing the contemporary
arguments made during the period leading up to
Sweden’s National Pension Act of 1913 with prior
academic literature on family history.
Sweden’s topography, ecology and subsequent
cultural histories vary within its borders, especially
between the lowland regions with a historical manor
system and the later colonized highlands.
Continued Research
Displaying Sweden’s regional context encourages questions such as; if, when,
and where changes occurred over time.
An example is the impact of urban and industrial areas on household structure
in nearby rural parishes.
The results provide a persuasive argument that family-type variation existed in
Sweden in 1900. From this regional context, further longitudinal micro-studies of
local elderly households can be chosen, paying mind to cultural landscapes.
Such micro-studies can focus on individual linkage to analyze relationships of
family structure with migration and personal savings, two other claims made
by the Elderly Insurance Committee in 1912.
Sources
The Swedish National Archives, Umeå University,
and the Minnesota Population Center. National
Sample of the 1890 Census of Sweden, Version
1.0. Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center
[distributor], 2011. And The Swedish National
Archives, Umeå University, and the Minnesota
Population Center. National Sample of the 1900
Census of Sweden, Version 2.0. Minneapolis:
Minnesota Population Center [distributor], 2011.
Burström, Hugo. 1912. ”Statistiska utredningar,”
Ålderdomsförsäkringskommittén. Stockholm.
Sundbärg, Gustav. 1910. ”Ekonomisk-Statistisk
Beskrivning öfver Sveriges Olika Landsdelar,”
Emigrationsutredningen. Stockholm.
Literature
• Contemporary claims of a general decline in the
welfare conditions of the elderly leading up to the
1913 Pension Act have been called into question.
(Edebalk and Olsson 2010)
• Prior attempts to present Sweden’s family-types
were based on two studies used to represent
histories for 19 counties. (Todd 1990, Fauve-
Chamoux and Ochiai 2009)
• The two most prominent hypotheses variations
“Nuclear Hardship” and “Economic Development,”
address multi-generational households in terms
of either high-levels of elderly poverty or are closely
linked to intergenerational property transfers. Often
they are discussed at national or continental
bounded scales. (Laslett and Wall 1972, Kertzer
1995, Berkner 1972, Ruggles 2009)
• The ecology-occupational influence, such as
specialized farming or large land holdings, on
household structure have been theoretically
discussed using micro-studies, but received
critique due to lack of evidence at larger scales.
(Gaunt 1977, Lundh 1995)
60uf1ghh 60uprchhrc 60upubas PercVete Prcover20
Pearson
Correlation 1 -,488**
,283**
,644**
,712**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,002 ,000 ,000
N
119 119 119 119 119
Pearson
Correlation
-,488**
1 -,364**
-,439**
-,503**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000
N
119 119 119 119 119
Pearson
Correlation
,283**
-,364**
1 ,066 ,307**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,002 ,000 ,473 ,001
N
119 119 119 119 119
Pearson
Correlation ,644**
-,439**
,066 1 ,723**
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,000 ,473 ,000
N 119 119 119 119 119
Pearson
Correlation
,712**
-,503**
,307**
,723**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,000 ,001 ,000
N
119 119 119 119 119
% landowners
owning land
over 20
hectares
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Hypothesis Correlations
% 60 and older
in farming one-
generational
household
% 60 and older
in a rural
household
retirement
contract
% rural 60 and
older recieving
public
assistance
% wheat
prodution of
total grains