Pharmacognosy 3

1. PHARMACOGNOSY III
Dr. Marwa Fayed
I- Drugs derived from HERBS.
II- Drugs derived from Subterranean organs.
III- Drugs derived from Unorganised Drugs.

2. Herbs
• The herb is a plant whose stem doesn’t become
woody and permanent but dies down to the
ground after producing the fruits and seeds.
Definition in
Botany

3. HERBS ( Herba )
What is Herb?
In Pharmacognosy
Herb is a drug composed
usually of the tender
parts of the plant axis.
(the stem + leaves +flowers + fruits).

4. • It may consist of:
• 1- part of the aerial shoot usually the tops.
• 2- The whole aerial part of the plant as Lobelia.
• 3- Occasionally the whole plant including the
roots.
• 4- The whole undifferential plant body or thallus
of the lower plants of thallophyta.
• The main axis of the herb consists almost entirely
of stem, the root or other underground structure
only rarely being present.

5. Herbs are classified according to life duration into
Biennial
Herbs live two
seasons and dies.
e.g: Digitalis and
Sugar beet.
Perennial
Plants live more
than two years.
e.g: Belladonna &
Citrus.
Annual
Herbs live one
season and dies.
e.g: Stramonium
and Umbeliferous
herbs

6. Definition:
Stem: - It is a part of the plant which carries the
leaves and other plant organs.
- It has nodes and internodes.

7. Stemfunction
1-Plant support
2-Carries leaves
and flowers, etc…..
3-Conduct water and
minerals from the root
to the leaves.
4-Conduct photosynthesis
products from leaves to the
root or other organs.

8. Macroscopical
Characters
1-Shape
2-Kinds of the stem
3-Surface of the stem
4-Fracture
5-Direction of growth
6-Branching of the stem

9. Shape of The Stem
Cylindrical
Triangular
Flattened
or
compressed
Winged
e.g.
Lobelia
Ribbed
or
with furrows
Quadrangular
e. g. Mentha
Angular
Pentagonal
Twisted

10. The aerial stem according to the nature and
texture has several types which are:
• 1- Herbaceous stem:
• is a plant that has leaves
and stems that die down at the
end of the growing season to
the soil level. They have no
persistent woody stem above
ground.
• Herbaceous plants may be
annuals, biennials or
perennials.
Kinds of The Stem

11. • 2- Succulent stem:
• A succulent plant or
succulent is a plant that
has fleshy and turgid
water-storing tissues
such as stems, leaves or
roots, capable of
retaining large amounts
of moisture (usually as
a drought survival
strategy).

12. • 3- Woody stem:
• A woody plant is a plant that produces wood as
its structural tissue. Woody plants are usually
either trees or shrubs. These are usually
perennial plants whose stems and larger roots
are reinforced with wood produced from
secondary xylem.

13. • 4- Creeping stem:
• a plant whose stems spread along the ground and
root by means of adventitious roots.
• Creepingstems with short internodes are called
runners, and those with long internodes are called
stolons.

15. • 5- Sucker stem:

16. • 6- Climbing stem:
- When the stem is weak
and attaches itself to a
support which is a
neighborhood plant by
means of tendrils,
prickles or hooks or
adventitious roots.
- e.g: Pepper.

17. • 7- Twining:
- When the stem attaches
itself to support by winding
around it in this case the
stem is usually thin, long
with far internodes.
- e.g.: Convulvulus & Vine.

18. 1.Smooth or glossy.
2.Rough.
3.Glabrous.
4.Hairy.
5.Spiny.
6.Striated or wrinkled.
Surface of The Stem

19. 1.Short: when breaks quickly & straight across smooth
fractured surface.
2.Fibrous: when resist during breaking showing fibrous
projections protruding from the broken surface.
3.Splintery: when breaking irregularly giving
jagged projecting points in the broken surfaces.
4.Flexible: when readily bending & breaks only by twisting.
5.Horny: when it is hard to break.
6.Granular: when the broken surfaces show grain-like
appearance.
Fracture of The Stem

20. Microscopical
Characters

21. T. S. in Young (herbaceous) stem of Dicotyledons:
[ Vascular bundle is Open V.B. ]
Pericycle

22. Structure of The Stem
Epidermis:
with cuticle,
stomata and
hairs
Cambium: Responsible for
2ry thickening giving 2ry
phloem outside and 2ry
xylem inside.
Phloem
Xylem: Vessels ( Spiral,
annular, pitted.
Fibers and wood
parenchyma)
Endodermis:
inner most
layer of
cortex.
Pith:
parenchyma;
pitted lignified
Cortex:
Parenchyma,
Collenchyma
Pericycle:
parenchyma,
collenchyma,
fibers, sclereids.
N.B.
Stele: All tissues inside the endoderm .

23. Types of vascular bundles
Open vascular bundle Closed vascular bundle
Collateral V.B. Bicollateral V.B.
phloem
cambium
xylem
phloem
No cambium
e.g. Monocot.
Phloem
Xylem

28. Herbs of Medicinal Importance
Lobelia
Hyoscyamus
Cannabis
Mentha
Thyme
Ergot
Ephedra
Vinca & Passiflora
Resin
Herbs Containing
Alkaloids
Herbs Containing
Volatile oil
Others

29. Content:
Introduction to herbs.
Herbs containing
Volatile oil
e.g.
Mentha& Thyme.
Herbs containing
Alkaloids
e.g.
Lobelia,Hyoscyamus& Catharanthus
.
Herbs containing
Resin
e.g.
Cannabis.
Thallophytes.
Miscellaneous herbs.

32. Branching of the stem
1- Dichotomous
(or Apical) branching
The main growing point
is divided into 2 equal
halves. e.g. Thallophyta
(Ergot)
2- Axillary branching
When the branch arise
from the lateral axillary
buds of the leaves.
a) Monopodial
branching
b) Sympodial
branching

33. a) Monopodial branching:
The main stem axis continues
growing from the apical
growing point. The lateral
branches never exceed the
length of the main axis.
b) Sympodial branching:
The apical growing point of
the main axis stop to grow and
one or more of lateral axillary
buds continue the growth. The
lateral branches exceed the
main axis in length.

34. Examination of the Stem
• 1- Macroscopical characters:
- Condition:
- Shape
- Colour
- Nodes and internodes
- Phyllotaxis
- Surface
- Fracture
- Odour
- Taste

35. Medicinal Herbs
Lobelia
Hyoscyamus
Mentha
Thyme
Ergot Ephedra
Passiflora
Official Herbs Non-Official
Herbs
Cannabis
Vinca
Yeast
Fucus
Cetraria
Chondrus

36. Lobelia Herb ‫اللوبيليا‬ ‫عشب‬
Indian Tobacco ‫الهندى‬ ‫الدخان‬

37. Lobelia Herb ‫اللوبيليا‬ ‫عشب‬
Indian Tobacco ‫الهندى‬ ‫الدخان‬
• Origin:
- The dried aerial parts of
Lobelia inflata Linn. Family:
Campanulaceae, collected
towards the end of the
flowering stage.
- It is used by North American
Indians as domestic medicine
as a cigarette for asthma.

38. Macroscopical characters
- erect annual herb, 40-60 cm.
- Odour: slight irritant.
-Taste: at first slight but
subsequently burning and
acrid.

39. • The Stem:
- Monopodial branching.
- Angular to winged.
- Irregularly furrowed.
- Green to yellowish with
large purplish patches.
- Hairy on the upper parts
and nearly glabrous on the
lower.

40. • The Leaves:
- alternate.
- Pale green.
- Scattered stiff hairs along the margin and veins on
the outer surface.
- The lower leaves are oblong, shortly petiolate.
- The upper leaves are small, oval to lanceolate,
sessile, with irregularly crenate, dentate margin.

41. • The Flowers:
- shortly pedicillate.
- arranged in long racemes.
- pale blue about 7 mm long.
- Calyx: tubular with 5 long
linear teeth.
- Corolla: tubular, bilabiate.
- Stamens: with blue anthers,
united above, forming a
curved tube enclosing bifid
stigma each anther ends with
a tuft of hairs at the apex.
- Ovary: inferior, bilocular,
bicarpellary.

42. • The Fruit:
- Inflated capsule, dehiscing by
2 pores at the summit.
- Ovoid or ellipsoidal, 5-8 mm
long.
- Light brown.
- Crowned by the remains of
the calyx.
- Membranous pericarp
- Internally bilocular
- containing numerous seeds
arranged on axile placenta.

43. • The Seeds:
- minute
- oval oblong, 0.5-0.7 mm
long and about 0.3 mm
wide.
- reddish brown with fine
elongated polygonal
reticulations.

44. Microscopical
characters

45. Lobelia
Stem T.S.

47. • Physical characters:
• Color: green to dark green
• Odor: slight irritant
• Taste: at first slight but subsequently burning and
acrid.
Powder of Lobelia Herb

48. Powdered Lobelia
Long, non-glandular hair
(conical, unicellular with
lignified inner walls and
covered with warty cuticle)
Laticiferous
vessels
Fragments of Seed Coat

49. Woody fibres
Fragments of stem and leaves showing
beaded papillosed epidermal cells,
anomocytic stomata and hairs.
Xylem vessels

51. Fragments of brown seed coat
showing characteristic thick
walled lignified epidermal cells
with polygonal reticulations

52. Active constituents
• 1- About (0.3- 0.4 %) piperidine alkaloids, the
important of these are Lobeline, Lobelanine
and Lobelanidine.
• 2- non-acrid but pungent volatile oil.
• 3- Neutral principle, inflatin.
• 4- Lobelic acid.
• 5- resin and waxes.

53. Uses
• 1- Lobelia has a nicotine like action, so its
used in breaking of smoking habit.

55. 3- as expectorant and in treatment
of cough.
4- An injection of Lobeline
hydrochloride is used in
resuscitation of new-born infants.
5- Large doses produce vomiting
and may cause collapse through
medullary paralysis.
2- In bronchitis & bronchial asthma as it has a
bronchodilator effect.

56. Side Effects and Toxicity:
-Extreme care should be taken with the use of Lobelia
inflata to control asthma and as a remedy in general.
- It has been known to be toxic even at relatively low
doses and in some countries this herb is scheduled.
-Toxic doses of lobelia will give rise to symptoms such as
nausea, vomiting, convulsions and can be fatal.

57. Pharmaceutical preparations

58. Hyoscyamus Herb ‫المصرى‬ ‫السكران‬
Egyptian Hyoscyamus Egyptian Henbane

59. Hyoscyamus Herb ‫المصرى‬ ‫السكران‬
Egyptian Hyoscyamus Egyptian Henbane
Botanical Origin:
The dried leaves and flowering
tops of Hyoscyamus muticus
Linn., Family: Solanaceae.
Geographical Source:
It is a perennial herb,
indigenous and cultivated in
Egypt. It grows wild in the
districts of Egypt.

60. -erect perennial herb.
-Condition: dry
- Odour: slightly foetid & narcotic.
-Taste: bitter acrid especially on
chewing.
Macroscopical characters

61. The Stem:
- cylindrical, slightly compressed
- succulent,
- greyish yellow,
- slightly hairy,
-hollow with hairy branches.

62. The Leaves:
- pale green to yellowish,
- petiolate or nearly sessile, hairy,
-vary in shape and size,
- lamina: oval, rhomboidal to broadly
elliptical, up to 15 cm long,
- apex: tapering to an equal base and
accuminate,
- margin: entire or with 2-5
triangular acute teeth on each side,
- both surfaces densely hairy,
- mid-rib: broad, prominent on the
lower surface,
-Venation: pinnate.

63. The Flower:
-Cymose infloresence,
- each shortly pedicillate,
- Usually have 5 petals, 5
sepals, 5 stamens, 2 carpels,
2 locules,
-hairy, leaf, bract,
-bract: ovate-lanceolate,
-calyx: very hairy, striated,
2-4 cm long & 2 cm wide at
the mouth, with 5 short,

64. -Corolla: dried yellowish,
sometimes with deep colored
patches, zygomorphic funnel
shaped.
-Stamens: 5-epipetalous,
unequal in length, with
purplish filaments and
brownish and sometimes
purplish anthers.
- Ovary: ovoid superior,
bicarpellary, bilocular, slightly
hairy containing numerous
campylotropous ovules
attached to axile placenta.

65. The Fruit:
- Pyxis enclosed in the calyx,
- Cylindrical,
- 1.5 cm long & 0.6 cm broad.

66. The Seed:
-yellowish-grey to brown in color,
- more or less reniform,
- laterally compressed,
- about 1mm. long with reticulate testa,
-Internally shows a curved embryo embedded in
an oily endosperm.

68. T.S of Hyoscyamus Leaf

70. • Physical characters:
• Color: light greenish yellow
• Odor: slightly foetid and narcotic
• Taste: bitter acrid
Powder of Hyoscyamus Herb

71. Twin and prism crystals of
Calcium oxalate
Powder of Hyoscyamus Herb
Glandular hairs
Non-Glandular hairs

72. Epidermal cells with
anisocytic stomata
Spherical pollen grains
with finely pitted exine
lignified seed coat

73. Microscopically:
1. Presence of anisocytic stomata.
2. Presence of uniseriate, 3 to 5 celled non-
glandular hairs.
3. Presence of glandular hairs with short or long
stalk & multicellular, club-shaped head (clavate
hair).
4. Presence of different types of Ca-Ox crystals.

74. Active Constituents:
• Tropane Alkaloids (0.7 – 1.5 %)
mainly Hyoscyamine
other alkaloids as Hyoscine, atropine and nor-
atropine.

75. General uses:
Externally: Local anaesthetic, relieve pain.
Internally:
- Reduce secretions e.g. sweat, saliva thus used
before surgery.
- Anti spasmodic in urinary tract colics & gripping
effect caused by the purgatives (corrective
antispasmodic).
- Sedative for spasmodic cough.

76. • Special chemical test:
• Vitali’s test (Morin color test)
• for tropane alkaloids (Solanaceous alkaloids)
• Alcoholic extract evaporation in porcelain
dish residue + 2 drops of fuming
HNO3, heat till dryness , cool + add 3 drops of
alcoholic KOH violet color.

77. Pharmaceutical preparations

80. Mentha Herb (Peppermint)
Mentha piperitae ‫الفلفلى‬ ‫النعناع‬ ‫عشب‬
• Origin:
• The dried leaves and flowering tops of
Mentha piperita Linn., Family: Labiatae.
• There are more than one species of
Mentha, e.g. Mentha spicata (
spearmint) and M. aquatica (water
• mint), Mentha vulgaris and others.

82. Morphological characters:
• Odour: aromatic characteristic.
• Taste: aromatic followed by cooling sensation.
• Stem:
- Herbaceous, perennial.
- Quadrangular
- Green to dark purple
- Nearly glabrous, with scattered deflected hairs.

84. • Leaves:
- opposite decussate
- petiolate.
- ovate lanceolate.
- Light or dark green with purplish
tinge.
- upper surface: dark green nearly
glabrous.
- lower surface: light green, hairy
especially on the veins
- Apex: acute.
- Base: acute or rounded.
- Margin: sharply serrate.
- Petiole: long slightly hairy.

85. - small
- purple
- Zygomorphic
- Spike.
Flowers

86. - Calyx: long, tubular, equally 5-toothed
green to dark purple, hairy.
• Corolla: dark purple, bilabiate.
• Stamens: 4 short and equal.
• Ovary: superior, bicarpellary tetralocular.
• Fruit: blackish-brown, ellipsoidal.

87. Microscopical characters

88. T.S in Mentha Stem

89. T.S in Mentha Stem

90. T.S in Mentha Stem
Outline: quadrangular.
Cortex: collenchyma in the corners only.
Narrow xylem & wide pith.
Less hairy; Glandular hair:(Labiaceous& Capitate).
Non-glandular hair: (multicellular uniserriate).

91. Powdered Mentha Herb
• Physical characters:
• Color: green to light olive green.
• Odour: aromatic characteristic.
• Taste: aromatic followed by a sensation of cold in the
mouth.

92. Powdered Mentha Herb

96. It is characterized microscopically by the presence of the
following fragments:
1. Epidermal cells with wavy walls and diacytic stomata.
2. Non-glandular hairs.
3. Glandular labiaceous hair, unicellular stalk multicellular
head consists of 8-16 cells radiating from a common
center.
4. Different types of xylem vessels, fibres and wood
parenchyma.
5. Smooth spherical pollen grains.
6. NO CALCIUM OXALATE.

97. Active constituents:
1- Volatile oil ( 0.7-1.5%)
contains free Menthol (78%)
Menthol esters (20%).
2- Tannins (6 to 12 %).
3- Flavonoids.

98. Uses & actions:
1-G.I.T.
- Spasmolytic.
-Carminative.
- Digestive.
-Anti-emetic.
-Promotion of liver & gall bladder function
(choleretic & cholagogue).
-2- Externally:
- Local anesthetic
-Anti-parasitic.
-Anti-pruritic.
3- Respiratory tract: Decongestant.

99. 4- In Pharmaceutical preparations:
1. Tooth paste.
2. mouth washes & gargles.
3. Soft gelatin capsules.
4. Aromatherapy
•Aromatherapy is now a significant
Complementary therapy involving the use of
volatile oils to heal or improve well being

100. is used in pharmaceutical preparations
as local antipruritic, counter-irritant and
antiseptic.
Mechanism of action
Menthol act as calcium channel blocker.
It affect the smooth muscles of vessels GIT or neuron cells and
heart.
It blocks the calcium channels and prevent the influx of calcium
channel and leads to the relaxation of smooth muscles.
5- Recently the oil is used for treatment of colitis.

101. Contraindications:
1- In cases of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).
2- Not given to infants or small children.
3- Never apply peppermint oil to the face of an infant or
small child as it may cause spasm that inhibit breathing.
4- cause gallstones worse.
5- Pure menthol is poisonous and should never be taken
orally.
6- Excessive peppermint oil on the skin may cause allergic
reactions (skin rash).
7- Do not use on broken or irritated skin & Avoid use near
the eyes or mucous membranes.

102. Chemical tests:
1- Positive microchemical test with Sudan III.
2- Special chemical test:
Menthol crystals + H2SO4 + vanillin orange yellow
color + H2O violet color.
Menthol
Crystals
Few dps of
conc. H2SO4
Few dps of
vanillin/H2SO4
Few dps of
H2O
Orange yellow
colour
Violet colour

103. Pharmaceutical
preparations

104. Herba Thymi
Thyme ‫الزعتر‬ ‫عشب‬
• Origin:
The dried aerial parts of
Thymus vulgaris and
other Thymus species,
Family: Labiatae.
- should contain not less
than 1.2% w/w v.o

105. Morphological characters:
• Odour: agreeable aromatic
• Taste: aromatic somewhat
pungent.
- Stem: quadrangular,
grayish-brown or purplish.
- Leaves: opposite decussate,
sessile or shortly petiolate.

106. • Flowers:
- zygomorphic, shortly pedicillate.
- Calyx: tubular showing a ring of
stiff hairs in the throat.
- Corolla: bilabiate.
- Stamens: 4 didynamous.
- Ovary: superior, bicarpellary
tetralocular.

107. Stem:
Quadrangular or circular.
Collenchyma is one continuous layer.
Narrow pith & wide xylem
Hairy; as in Mentha
Non-glandular hair (Unicellular conical & bent hair).
Diacytic stomata.
Powder:
Color: greenish brown
Odor: aromatic.
Taste: aromatic somewhat pungent.
Microscopical characters

108. Powdered Thyme Herb

111. Active constituents:
• 1- Volatile oil (1%):
contain phenolic compounds mainly:
- Thymol,
- Carvacrol.
• 2- Tannins.
• 3- Flavonoids.

112. Uses:
Pharmaceutical
preparations:

113. Antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal and
antioxidant properties.
• Contraindications:
• Thymol, at high doses, can cause liver toxicity, albuminuria
and hematuria.
• Prolonged use of thymol-based mouthwash can cause
thyrotoxicosis.
Antimicrobial, Anti-thrombotic.

114. Drug interactions:
1- Thyme interact with anti-coagulants
increase risk of bleeding.
2- Thyme interact with anti-hyperglycemic drugs
may cause severe hypoglycemia.
3- Thyme interact with sedatives and CNS-
depressants, increase dowsiness.

115. Chemical tests:
1- positive microchemical test with Sudan III.
2- Special chemical test:
Thymol crystals + glacial acetic acid + conc. H2SO4 +
HNO3 a deep bluish green colour is
developed.

117. Ergot of Rye
‫األرجــوت‬
Origin:
Ergot is the sclerotium of Claviceps
purpurea, Family: Clavicipitaceae,
developed in the ovary of rye plant,
Secale cereale, Family Graminae.
What is ergotism?

121. Group Alkaloid
Ergotmetrine
Ergotmetrinine
Ergotamine
Ergotaminine
Ergosine
Ergosinine
Ergocristine
Ergocristinine
Ergocryptine
Ergocryptinine
Ergocornine
Ergocorninine

122. -It stimulates the
uterus  initiate
delivery ( labor )
- It reduces
postpartum
haemorrhage
-Used for the
treatment of
migraine.
- Used in
combination
with caffeine to
treat headache.
It has anti-
hypertensive
action.

123. Shake the ergot with Na2CO3 and CHCl3. Separate the
chloroform layer and shake it with PDMAB and FeCl3 in H2SO4
where a blue colour is developed in the acid layer.
(used to detect ergot
in flour).
Shake the ergot with ether &5 drops of H2SO4, add NaHCO3and
shake well where a reddish violet colour is given in the
aqueous layer.
Digest the sclerotium with NaOH to give chitosan , acetic acid
and ammonia. Chitosan + Iodine + H2SO4 gives violet colour.

124. • It is the dried flowering
and fruiting tops of
L.,
Family: Passifloraceae.

125. • Perennial climbing herb,
• Produce an abundance of flowers from May to July.
• Odor: aromatic not characteristic,
• Taste: slightly bitter, astringent.

126. • Alkaloids: Passiflorin, Harmine and related
alkaloids.
• Catechol,
• Gallic acid,
• Palmitic, Myristic, Oleic and Linoleic acids,
• Sterols.

127. Uses
• anxiety or nervousness
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• pre-surgical anxiety
• insomnia
• symptoms of opiate withdrawal
• seizure disorder
• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• palpitations
• arrhythmia
• hypertension

132. Contraindications
• Pregnancy/Lactation
• Documented adverse effects.
• Avoid use.
• Passion flower is a known uterine stimulant.

134. (Indian Hemp, Hashish,
Marihuana)
Botanical Origin:
• The plant is cultivated in tropical
countries for resin production.

135. • Stem:
• annual, dioecious herb,
• angular, attains height 4.3 mm,
• Leaves: palmately-compound,
• Leaflets: linear-lanceolate, serrate,
5-7 in number,
• Flowers: panicle,

140. • Colour: dark green
• Odour: narcotic characteristic
• No taste.
Powdered Cannabis

141. Shaggy hair
Cystolith hair

143. Microscopical characters of powder:
1- Glandular trichomes showing globular
multicellular head of 8-16 radiating club-shaped
cells and a long or short multicellular pluriseriate
stalk.
2- Leaf tissue with cluster crystals of Ca Ox.
3- Curved hairs with or without cystolith of CaCO3.
4- Few reddish fragments of papillosed stigma.
5- Laticiferous vessels and pericyclic fibers.

144. • 1-Resin materials , tetrahydro cannabinol
(THC) and Cannabinoids e.g. cannabinol &
cannabinal,
• 2-Nitrogen bases e.g. choline, trigonelline,
• 3-Volatile oil, oxidase enzyme,
• 4-Sterols.
Active Constituents

146. • Cerebral stimulant, it produces mental excitement ,
delirium with hallucination followed by sleep
interrupted by bad dreams &marked weakness &
mental depression, high sensitivity to sound and less to
time & space.
• Anti anxiety& sedative in mania &hysteria.
• THC is a potent anti-emetic used in cancer patients.
• Analgesic.
Uses & Actions

147. • 1- Powder + HCl produces eff. due to calcium
carbonate in cystolith.
2- Beam’s test: Cannabis shaked with light petrol
and alc. KOH and amyl alcohol give violet pink colour.
3- Fast blue test:(di-O-anisidine tetrazolium chloride)
Biological samples + Fast Blue reagent
Different sequences of colours with different
cannabinoids.

150. 1. Dry Mouth.
2. Dizziness.
3. Increased Appetite.
4. Memory Impairment.
5. Lack of Motivation.
6. Depression.
7. Paranoia/Anxiety.
8. Addiction.
9. Lung Problems.

151.  Research shows that 10% of regular cannabis users
become dependent on it. Your risk of getting addicted is
higher if you start using it in your teens or use it every
day.
 As with other addictive drugs, such as cocaine and heroin,
you can develop a tolerance to cannabis. This means you
need more to get the same effect.
 If you stop using it, you may get withdrawal symptoms,
such as cravings, difficulty sleeping, mood swings,
irritability and restlessness.
 If you smoke cannabis with tobacco, you're likely to get
addicted to nicotine and risk getting tobacco-related
diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease.

152. Cannabis and mental health
• Regular cannabis use increases your risk of
developing a psychotic illness, such as
schizophrenia. A psychotic illness is one where
you have hallucinations (seeing things that
aren't really there) and delusions
(believing things that aren't really true).
• People who smoke cannabis regularly are more
likely to have bronchitis (where the lining of
your lungs gets irritated and inflamed).

153. (Gable et al 2006)

154. Some important links for extra information:
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/msbcannabis.pdf
http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/6_2_cannabis_update.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/92dd/06df3616143db5bae0699a7d5c0828caca16.pdf

155. Ephedra is the dried twigs of
Ephedra sinca and Ephedra
equisetina and other species of
Ephedra Family Ephedraceae.
Constituents:
Alkaloids mainly;
Ephedrine,
Pseudo-ephedrine,
Isoephedrine,
Norisoephedrine.

156. Uses
- Ephedrine is used to relief bronchial
asthma.
-Nasal decongestant in common cold
and sinusitis.
- C. N. S. stimulant.
- Hay fever

157. Catharanthus Herb ‫الوينكا‬ ‫عشب‬
• Origin:
• The dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus
formerly Vinca rosea, Family: Apocynaceae.

158. Active Constituents
• Alkaloid indole group :
1. Vincristine
2. Vinblastine
3. Vindoline (inert)
4. Catharanthine (inert)
• 500 kg of Catharanthus plant used to isolate
1 g Vincristine

159. Uses
• Vincristine & Vinblastine are
used as sulphate salts.
• Vinblastine has anti-neoplastic
activity Hodgkin’s disease and
breast cancer.
• Vincristine used for treatment of
leukemia in children.

160. Side Effects
1-Blood problems
Low blood counts, white and red blood cells
and platelets may temporarily decrease. This
increases the risk of infection, anemia and/or
bleeding.
2-GIT problems
Poor appetite , fatigue and weakness
Nausea and vomiting - usually moderate and
occur within first 24 hours of treatment.
Constipation may occur within 1-3 days after
your treatment.

161. 3-Nervous system problems
Peripheral neuropathy (numbness in fingers
and toes) may occur with repeated doses.
4- Hair loss may occur, but hair will most
likely grow back when the treatments are
completed.

162. • Botanical origin:
• Fresh or dried flowering plant
of Hypericum perforatum L.,
Family: Hyperiacaceae.

163. Active constituents
• 1- Anthraquinones:
- Hypericin
- & pseudohypericin.
2- Volatile oil.
3- Flavonoids.
• Uses:
- Antidepressant (in cases of
mild to moderate
depression).

164. • Simplest form of plants.
• Plants which are not differentiated
into roots, stems and leaves.
• They include: bacteria, algae,
fungi and lichens.

165. • Botanical origin:
• Yeast consists of unicellular
fungus of Saccharomyces
cerevisae Meyen emend.
Hansen, S. carlsbergenis
Hansen and S.monacensis
Hansen Family:
Saccharomycetaceae

166. • Preparation:
• Yeast are grown in saccharine fluids containing
suitable proportions of nitrogenous matter and
inorganic salts.
• Dried yeast: obtained by drying bakers yeast at a
temperature not exceeding 30°C.
• It consists of dead cells and cells in the resting
stage.

167. • Constituents:
• contains: 73% moisture, 13% protein and 0.27%
oil.
• Zymase enzyme convert monosaccharides
into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• Source of vitamin B complex:
- aneurin HCl (vit.B1)
- Riboflavin (vit.B2).

168. Actions and Uses
- a good source of vitamin B complex.
- a source of protein (1gm yeast = 450 mg protein).
- Dried yeast used in making tablets of yeast and
used in manufacture of nucleic acid.
- In treatment of boils and in combination with
salicylic acid in acne and dermatitis.

169. Botanical Origin:
• The dried thallus of
,
and ,
Family: Fucaceae.
G.Origin:
• Shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

170. • Color: olive-brown.
• 30-100 cm in length.
• Branching: Dichotomous.
• Tips are ovoid have the
reproductive structures known as
the conceptacles.

171. • Mucilagenous substance “Algin” or “Fucin”.
• Iodides, bromides and Sterols “Fucosterol”.
1- Reduce obesity.
2- Preparation of alginates.
3- Iodine defficiency (Goitre).
4- Laxative.

172. • Botanical Origin:
The dried bleached thallus of
, Family:
Gigartinaceae.
• G.Origin:
Northwestern coast of France,
Bristih Islands.

173. • Color:
- green to dark purple when
fresh
- liale yellow bleached and
dried.
• Branching: Dichotomous,
carries ovoid brown cystocarps.

174. • Mucilagenous substance “Carageenin”.
• Iodides and Bromides.
1- Nutritive Demulcent in peptic ulcers.
2- Emulsifying agent.

175. • Botanical Origin:
The dried foliaceous lichen of
, Family:
Parmeliaceae.
• G.Origin:
England, Sweden and Central
Europe.

176. 1- Two complex carbohydrates: “lichenin” and
“Isolichenin”.
2- Bitter crysatlline fumaroproto-cetrartic acid.
1- Bitter stomachic.
2- to prepare a demulcent and
nutrient jelly.