Presentatie Klaas van Breugel over zelfherstel van verouderde materialen op het congres Verbeteren en herbestemmen van het Platform bouwmaterialen & innovatie
op 30 oktober 2014
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
Verbeteren en herbestemmen final
1. 1
Verbeteren en Herbestemmen
Platform bouwmaterialen & innovatie
Zelfherstel van
verouderende
materialen en constructies
Klaas van Breugel, Erik Schlangen, Henk Jonkers
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences / Materials & Environment
30
oktober
2014
2. 2
Ageing: “The inconvenient truth”
Time
Performance
• Cracking
• Time dependent behaviour
• Penetration of aggressive substances
3. 3
Why bothering about Ageing?
As never before, modern societies rely on technology
All technological artefacts are subject to ageing
Infrastructure makes out 50% of the country’s national wealth
Reliable infrastructure is crucial for a country’s mobility and economy
Ageing causes loss of performance
• Loss of performance implies risk
• Loss of performance affects the service life of our assets
• Loss of performance implies larger ecological footprint
4. Architecture: The city planner
Basic Building Blocks: Skyscrapers etc.
New York, USA
4
Ageing cities
11. Value of infrastructure – Global Perspective
11
Global Gross National Wealth (GNW) € 180 trillion
Global Infrastructure (50% of GNW) € 90 trillion
• Houses € 50 trillion
• Civil Infrastructure € 40 trillion
- Roads, Rail, Ports, Airports € 20 trillion
million = 106; billion = 109; trillion = 1012
12. 12
Key figures – Global and per capita
€ * 1012 k€/cap Comment
Global Gross National Wealth
(GNW)
180.7 25.1 Australia: k€ 213 /cap
China: k€ 12/cap
Global Fixed Assets
(50% of GNW)
90.4 12.5
Global civil infrastructure 40.0 5.5 Rich countries: k€ 23/cap
Poor countries: k€ 0.14/cap
Global civil infrastructure for
mobility
20.0 2.8
Global Gross Domestic
Product
(GDP)
53.4 7.4 10 rich countries: k€ 53.8 /cap
10 poor countries: k€ 0.3 /cap
Needed global investment in
infrastructure per year to
enable economic growth
2.3 0.3 Note: the amount of k€ 0.3/cap
per year is about the GDP/cap in
the 10 poorest countries!
World population: 7,2 billion
13. 13
Ageing of our assets
McKinsey Global Institute (2013)
“The world needs to spent $ 57 trillion (1012) on infrastructure in the
next 18 years simply to keep up with projected growth”
For The Netherlands this would mean: $ 7.4 109 per year
“Small” underground infrastructure in The Netherlands:
Piping (sewage, drinking water), electricity, etc: $ 150 109 (vervangingswaarde)
Renewal every 50 years: $ 3 109 per year.
Actually spent in NL: $ 1.4 109 per year.
14. 14
The urgency of the ageing issue
Intensive repair and
new built of structures
1950 1970 1990 2010 1030 2050
100
Intensive
building
activities
Service life: 50 – 80 years
year
15. Characteristics of the ageing curve
15
Point determined by
•Initial quality
•Actions/Loads
•Maintenance
time
Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system
Period of ‘rest’?
16. 16
What is Ageing?
• Change of performance with elapse of time, but ……
• Time ‘as such’ is not a “mechanism of change”
At atomic scale there is motion all the time
Gradients are driving forces of change
External energy required to bring basic
building blocks to together in a material or
system is potentially available to let the
material or system age (entropy)
17. 17
Chemical plants
Plant incidents: ≈ 50% due to ageing
Mars study, in Horrocks et al. 2010
18. Balloon model
18
Nuclear Power Plants - Lessons
learned
Existing Nuclear Power Plants 20-30 years old
New ageing phenomena are emerging as a
result of more severe service conditions
associated with increased plant performance
(“technology-risk paradox”)
IAEA, Report No. 62, 2009
20. 20
Bacteria: ‘Concrete-compatible’
Endospore
Alkali-resistant spore-forming
bacteria:
1. > 50 years viable
2. Concrete compatible
Endolithic communities Soda-lake communities
Wadi Natrun, Playa, rock Egypt pH ~ 10
H. Jonkers
21. Two-component self-healing agent:
21
1. Bacteria (catalyst)
2. Mineral precursor compound (chemical / 'food')
Reservoir for healing agents (bacteria + chemicals)
Bacteria food
H. Jonkers
22. November 7, 2014 22
22
'Bio-minerals‘, precipitated in cracks
Thijssen
Microlab
CaCO3
23. 23
Procedure permeability testing
Glue in ring
To permeability setup
Automated permeability determination
H. Jonkers
24. 24
Bio-based self-healing of cracks in
concrete
Control concrete before healing Control concrete after healing
Bio-concrete before healing Bio-concrete before healing
H. Jonkers
31. Procedure: 50,000 cycles loading – (heating to 85 ºC and) rest 18 hours-repeat
31
Multiple times healing
– final fatigue test
2.5E+03
2.0E+03
1.5E+03
1.0E+03
5.0E+02
Without rest periods
With rest periods
With rest periods and induction heating
0.0E+00 5.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 2.5E+05 3.0E+05
Fatigue loading cycles
Flexual stiffness [MPa]
With 4 times heating, modified fatigue life is 3 times of the original fatigue life
33. Required investment for generating savings
Global fixed capital goods
50% of Global National Wealth
€ 90 1012
€ 1.8 1012
Annual replacement cost
of assets based on mean
lifetime of 50 years
Annual savings if service
life is increased by 10%:
€ 240 109 /year
Required research investment
20% of generated savings:
€ 48 109 /year
Investment in fundamental
materials research:
€ 24 109 /year
10% of materials research
to be spent on ageing:
€ 2.4 109 /year
Value of fixed assets (global)
For Netherlands:
€ 33 106 /year
34. The Delft answer to ageing
Mechanical, Maritime and
Materials Engineering
34
Südholter
Applied sciences
Vlugt
Sluijs
Civil Engineering and
Geosciences
Spitas
Industrial Design
Van Loosdrecht
Applied sciences
Jongbloed
Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and
Computers Sciences
35. 35
In summary …
Infrastructure is the physical “hardware” of our society
Ageing is, globally, a “trillion dollars issue”
Ageing requires a multidisciplinary approach:
Technology
Engineering
Science
Investing in a Multidisciplinary Master Plan on ageing is needed:
It is ecologically a must
It is economically justified
Our infrastructure is a “product of the mind”
Caring for our infrastructure is a matter of responsible stewardship!
Thank
you!
36. 36
Civil
Engineering
Applied
Mathematics
Materials
Science
at the
TU Delft
Aerospace
Engineering
Applied
Sciences
Architecture
Mechanical
Inter Engineering
Faculty
Reactor
Industrial
Design
Delft Centre for Materials
The Delft answer to ageing