Unit 10 Grammar Contents: Passive & Past Necessity

1
FCE
by Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
The Passive Voice
Read the following sentence.
1. People say that he is a very good actor.
●Do you think it is possible to change this sentence into the passive?
-Yes, it is!! And it’s called “INFINITIVE PASSIVE”
→ He is said to be a good actor. (NOT That he is a good actor is said by people.)
2. They say apples are good for health. (Active)
→ Apples are said to be good for health. (Passive)
3. They believe he is very rich. (Active)
→ He is believed to be very rich. (Passive)
4. They say she is a very interesting woman. (Active)
→ She is said to be a very interesting woman. (Passive)

2
FCE
by Matifmarin
STRUCTURE
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
1. The Passive infinitive
1. People say / It is said that he is a very good doctor.
He to beis said a very good doctor.
passive + infinitive

3
FCE
by Matifmarin
STRUCTURE
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
1.1. The Passive infinitive
2. They say / It is said that apples are good for health.
Apples to beare said good for health.

4
FCE
by Matifmarin
STRUCTURE
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
3. They believe he is very rich.
He to beis believed very rich.

5
FCE
by Matifmarin
STRUCTURE
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
4. They say / It is said that she is a very interesting woman.
She to beis said a very interesting woman.

6
FCE
by Matifmarin
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
□ SUMMARY: Passive verb + infinitive with to:
● We often use an infinitive (to be) or a perfect infinitive (to have + past participle) in passive constructions
with the following verbs: believe, consider, expect, fear, feel, find, intend, know, report, say, think, understand.
→ This is to avoid an impersonal they or people:
□ Peter is said to be intolerant. (People say Peter is intolerant)
□ He was considered to be a good worker. (They considered he was a good worker)
□ He’s believed to have spent two years in hospital. (They believe he spent two years in hospital).
It’s said…/ it’s known…/ It’s reported…etc.:
● We can use it + a passive verb + a that clause to talk about what people in general say or think of feel
about a situation. It can be used with these verbs: agree, announce, decide, expect, fear, feel, find, hope, intend,
know, mention, regret, report, say, suggest, think, understand.
Example:
□ It’s thought that there are over 2 million old people.
(=There are thought to be over 2 million old people.)
□ It’s often said that this is one of society’s biggest problems.
(=This is often said to be one of the society’s biggest problems.)

7
FCE
□ Passives constructions with the infinitive are often used:
(1) When we want to give information to somebody but we don’t know whether the
information is true or not.
(2) We wish to keep the source of the information secret.
□ COMMON VERBS USED for the PASSIVE INFINITIVE:
think, believe, report, consider, know, say, expect + the infinitive:
Examples:
- The politician is thought to be corrupt.
- The politician is believed to have embezzled public funds.
- The pilot is said to have sent an SOS message before the plane disappeared from the radar screen.
USE

8
FCE
Passive Infinitive Exercise
□ Change the following sentences into the passive infinitive following the examples above:
1. They say that she is a strict teacher. [present simple –present simple]
2. People believe that he is in favour of communism. [present simple –present simple]
3. The police reported that he had stolen the jewels. [past simple –past perfect]
4. Experts expect that this drug will be a remedy for cancer. [present simple –future simple]
5. We all know that smoking causes cancer. [present simple –present simple]
6. They told us not to come back. [past simple – infinitive]
7. They did not allow the children to visit their father in prison. [past simple – infinitive]
8. People thought he had committed the crime. [past simple – past perfect]
9. They believe she was taking drugs. [present simple – past simple continuous]
10. They reported the little child had got lost in crowd. [past simple – past perfect]

9
FCE
Answer
1. She is said to be a strict teacher.
2. He is believed to be in favour of communism.
3. He was reported to have stolen the jewels.
4. This drug is expected to be a remedy for cancer.
5. Cancer is known to be caused by smoking.
6. We were told not to come back.
7. The children were not allowed to visit their father in prison.
8. He was thought to have committed the crime.
9. She is believed to have been taking drugs.
10. The little child was reported to have got lost in the crowd.

10
FCE
2. The Passive Voice
(a) Form:
The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb ‘to be’
(am/is/are; being; was/were; being have/has been; had been; will be; will have been) and the
Past Participle of the main verb (done/cleaned/seen …)
(b) Uses:
We use the passive voice when we don’t want to say or don’t know who/what does the
action or it isn’t as important as what is done, or who / what does the action is obvious.
active Adam ate the apple.
passive The apple was eaten by Adam.

11
FCE
Examples with the main forms (present, past and perfect):
(1)Active: Maids clean the hotel rooms. → verb tense = present simple
subject object = plural
(1.1)Passive: The hotel rooms are cleaned (by maids)
subject agent
→ ‘are cleaned’ is the passive form of the present simple.
(2)Active: Maids cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = past simple
(2.1)Passive: The hotel rooms were cleaned (by maids)
Subject agent
→ ‘were cleaned’ is the passive form of the past simple.
object
object

12
FCE
(3)Active: Maids have cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = present perfect
object
(3.1)Passive: The hotel rooms have been cleaned (by maids)
Subject agent
→ ‘have been cleaned’ is the passive form of the present perfect.
(4)Active: Maids had cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto)
subject object = plural (had = plural and singular)object
(4.1)Passive: The hotel rooms had been cleaned (by maids)
Subject agent
→ ‘had been cleaned’ is the passive form of the past perfect.

13
FCE
□ Uses: We use the passive voice when we don’t know who/what does the action or it isn’t as
important as what is done, or who / what does the action is obvious:
□ There are four steps to make a passive sentence:
♦active sample sentence: Adam ate the apple. [past simple]
1 - The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence (It’s the person, animal
or thing that receives the action, in our example “the apple”))
2. Think about the time of the action and write the correct form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were …), it
can be (present, past, etc. in our example the tense in the active voice is the past simple “Adam ate”, so the verb to be
becomes “was” in the passive voice). Check the table on next pages.
3. Now, we have to write the past participle of the main verb, in our example “eat” past simple “ate” and
past participle “eaten”. So, we have: “The apple was eaten”
[patient subject] [past simple passive]
4. If you want to point out who / what does the action, write it at the end of the sentence followed by the
preposition by, it’s called the agent. And “et voilà” we have it: “The apple was eaten” by Adam
[patient subject] [past simple passive] [agent]
Adam’s apple
Have you ever asked
yourself why weren’t
girls given an Eve’s
apple?

14
Activity:
Who kisses who(m)? Express it using the passive voice:
FCE
DOER
RECEIVER
DOER
RECEIVER
Peter
Mary
John
Sharon

15
FCE
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART
SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST
The active object becomes the passive subject.
am/is/are + past participle
was/were + past participle
Active: Present simple
This film fascinates me.
The film bores John.
The film surprises them.
Passive: Simple Present
I am fascinated by this film.
John is bored by the film.
They are surprised by the film.
Active: Simple Past
The film bored me.
The film fascinated Jack.
The film surprised them.
Passive: Simple Past
I was bored by the film.
John was fascinated by the film.
They were surprised by the film.
PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
Passive form:
am/is/are + being + past participle
was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous
I am helping Sharon.
June is helping Jane and Tony.
Passive: Present Continuous
Sharon is being helped by me.
Jane and Tony are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous
I was cleaning the bathroom.
They were cleaning the bedroom.
Susan was cleaning the kitchen and balcony.
Passive: Past Continuous
The bathroom was being cleaned by me.
The bedroom was being cleaned by them.
The kitchen and the balcony were being cleaned by Susan.

16
FCE
PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT
Passive form:
have/has been + past participle
had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect
I have sent the present.
John has sent the letters.
Passive: Present Perfect
The present has been sent by me.
The letters have been sent by John.
Active: Past Perfect
Steven Spielberg had directed the film.
Robert Reford had directed those films.
Passive: Past Perfect
The film had been directed by Steven Spielberg.
The films had been directed by Robert Reford.
Active: Future Perfect
John will have finished the project next month.
They will have finished the projects before then.
Passive: Future Perfect
The project will have been finished by next month.
The projects will have been finished before then.
FUTURE TENSES
Passive forms: will + be + past participle
is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL
I will send the present.
John will send the letters.
Passive: Future with WILL
The present will be sent by me.
The letters will be sent by John.
Active: Future with GOING TO
I am going to make the cake.
June is going to make two cakes.
Passive: Future with GOING TO
The cake is going to be made by me.
Two cakes are going to be made by June.

17
FCE
by Matifmarin
PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS
The passive form follows this pattern:
modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Sharon will invite Tom to the party.
Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party.
(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)
Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.
Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.
(Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)
Mai can foretell the future.
Terry can't foretell the future.
(Terry can not foretell the future.)
Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)
The future can be foretold by Mai.
The future can't be foretold by Terry.
(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT
Her company may give Katya a new office.
The lazy students may not do the homework.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Her company might give Katya a new office.
The lazy students might not do the homework.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT
Katya may be given a new office by her company.
The homework may not be done by the lazy students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might be given a new office by her company.
The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
Students should memorize English verbs.
Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.
Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
English verbs should be memorized by students.
Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.
Active: OUGHT TO
Students ought to learn English verbs.
(negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO
English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT
Students had better practice English every day.
Children had better not drink whiskey.
Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT
English had better be practiced every day by students.
Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT
Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad.
Customers must not use that door.
Passive: MUST / MUST NOT
A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.
That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO
She has to practice English every day.
Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day.
The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.
Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO
English has to be practiced every day.
The dishes have to be washed by them every day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day.
Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO
I am supposed to type the composition.
I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book.
Janet is supposed to clean the living room.
She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum.
They are supposed to make dinner for the family.
They aren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO
The composition is supposed to be typed by me.
The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied.
The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.
Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her.
Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them.
Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

18
FCE
by Matifmarin 1. The Passive Voice
PAST MODALS
The past passive form follows this pattern:
modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE
The students should have learned the verbs.
The children shouldn't have broken the window.
Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE
The verbs should have been learned by the students.
The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.
Active: OUGHT TO
Students ought to have learned the verbs.
(negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO
The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)
I was supposed to type the composition.
I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book.
Janet was supposed to clean the living room.
She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum.
Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner.
They weren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)
The composition was supposed to be typed by me.
The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied.
The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet.
Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her.
Dinner was supposed to be made by them.
Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.
Active: MAY / MAY NOT
That firm may have offered Katya a new job.
The students may not have written the paper.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
That firm might have offered Katya a new job.
The students might not have written the paper.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT
Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm.
The paper may not have been written by the students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm.
The paper might not have been written by the students.

19
FCE
by Matifmarin
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10
REMEMBER:
The verb “be” is changed according to the tense of the sentence and the
number (singular/plural) of the subject of the passive sentence.
Now, say the sentences about these images using the passive voice:
Antoni Gaudi
Gustave Eiffel
Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare

20
FCE
3. 'Didn't need to' + infinitive vs 'needn't have' + past pasticiple
 Didn’t need to + infinitive.
 Needn’t have + past participle.
□ Study the following examples:
♦Nathaly was perfectly familiar with our teamwork, so she didn't need to spend much time in training.  She started
immediately.
♦ I included some pictures for my explanations, but I needn't have done this as you already know how it works.
→ 'didn't need to' means that it wasn't necessary, so it wasn't done.
→ 'needn't have done' means that it was done, but it wasn't necessary.
REMEMBER THE STRUCTURE:
[+]  You need to learn irregular  verbs  by heart.
[ - ] You don't need to learn regular verbs by heart. →You  don't need to do it = You  needn't do it. (needn't + bare infinitive)
•It's the same in the past: She didn't need to do it = She needn't have done it. Both could be followed by either So she didn't or But she did.
(1) She didn't need to do it, so she didn't do it.
(2) She needn't have done it, but she did it.

21
FCE
by Matifmarin 'Didn't need to' vs ‘Needn't have'
EXERCISE
Choose one of the two forms (a) or (b) to fill in the gaps: 'didn't need to do' or 'needn't have done'.
1. When I joined the group at the new branch, I had been working as a manager for 3 years in the company, so I ___________ time becoming
operational.
(a) didn't need to waste
(b) needn't have wasted
2. On my first day, Martina invited me to meet the other team managers in her division. She ___________ that, of course,
as I knew them all quite well already.
(a) didn't need to do
(b) needn't have done
3. Before accepting the job, I was a bit anxious about taking on so much responsibility; but soon after I had begun working
full time with the team, I realized that I __________________.
(a) didn't need to worry
(b) needn't have worried
4. My students were very competent from the start. They ______________ more than occasional direction from me, once I
had explained the objectives and set out the methodology.
(a) needn't have received
(b) didn't need to receive
5. In the end, the course contents were carried out successfully. In fact, It turns out that we ______________ so quickly as
we finished all units before the deadline.
(a) didn't need to work
(b) needn't have worked

22
1. When I joined the group at the new branch, I had been working as a manager for 3 years in the
company, so I didn't need to waste time becoming operational.
2. On my first day, Martina invited me to meet the other team managers in her division. She needn't
have done that, of course, as I knew them all quite well already.
3. Before accepting the job, I was a bit anxious about taking on so much responsibility; but soon after
I had begun working full time with the team, I realized that I needn't have worried.
4. My students were very competent from the start. They didn't need to receive more than occasional
direction from me, once I had explained the objectives and set out the methodology.
5. In the end, the course contents were carried out successfully. In fact, It turns out that we needn't have
worked so quickly all units before the deadline.
 EndEnd
GRAMMAR – UNIT 10FCE
by Matifmarin
ANSWERS

Unit 10 Grammar Contents: Passive & Past Necessity

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (20)

Similaire à Unit 10 Grammar Contents: Passive & Past Necessity

Similaire à Unit 10 Grammar Contents: Passive & Past Necessity (20)

Plus de Matfermar marin

Plus de Matfermar marin (15)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Unit 10 Grammar Contents: Passive & Past Necessity