This document provides details on the components and design considerations for an integrated township project with 30 acres of land area. It includes residential, commercial, office, and infrastructure components like roads, schools, hospitals, and places of worship. Specific sections describe the design of a shopping mall within the township, including factors for the mall, parking, lifts, escalators, staircases, ramps, a theatre, food court, supermarket, services, and water/drainage systems.

1. ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN - IV
DATA COLLECTION
N.ragavan
3 rd year
B.ARCH

2. INTERGRATED TOWNSHIP
SITE AREA : 30 ACRES
INGREDIENTS OF INTERGRATED TOWNSHIP
SHOPPING MALL
CULTURAL CENTRE
SPORTS ACADEMY
RESIDENCIAL
OFFICE BUILDINGS
INTEGRATED TOWNSHIPS ARE MAMMOTH REAL ESTATE PROJECT THAT HAVE BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL
COMPLEXES ,AND ALL ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE ROADS ,SCHOOLS, COLLEGES ,HOSPITALS ,SHOPPING CENTER,
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS ,DRAINGE AND SWEAGE FACILITES ,PLCES OF WORSHIP ETC,THAT COME TOGETHER TO
FORM A MINIATURE.

3. SHOPPING MALL

4. MALL
INTRODUCTION:
The word agora is Greek for
“one place of assembly “ early in the
history of Greece designated the
area in the city where freeborn
citizens could gather to hear civic
announcements, muster for military
campgains or discuss politics . Later
the agora defined the open air
,often tented .market place of city
where merchants had their shops
and where craftmens made an sold
their wars .the original agora of
Athens was located below the
acropolis near the building .

5. ENTRY / EXIT
COLUMN SPACING:
◦ Significant dimension is along the mall as the involves the width.
i.e frontages of stores.
◦ Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30feet with the last the most
flexible.
● Less than 5m width and 2.5m
height for use of the public and
to access of the fire fighting
vehicles in the road frontage.

6. PARKING
Dimensions, turning circles and
weights of typical vehicles
regarding space requirements
and regulations for garages,
parking spaces, and access and
exit driveways.

7. PARKING
The type, size and design of a place
where vehicles can turn depend on the
particular use of an area, the vehicles
and the urban planning function. It is
difficult to make generally valid
recornrnendations for the selection of
the correct turning place. The
requirements of the fire services and
refuse disposal trucks have to be
considered in turning place decisions.

8. PARKING
Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12-
20 mm wide yellow or white painted
lines. When parking is facing a wall, these
lines are often painted at a height of up
to 1 m for better visibility. Guide rails in
the floor along the side have also proved
popular for demarcation of parking limits,
and can be about 50-60 em long, 20 em
wide and 10 em high. Where vehicles are
parked in lines facing walls or at the edge
of the parking deck in a multi-storey car
park, it is common practice to provide
buffers, restraining bars or railings up to
axle height to prevent cars from going
over the edge. Where cars are parked
face to face, transverse barriers about 10
em high can be used to act as stops at the
front.

10. LIFT
For all buildings, lifts should
normally be positioned at the
source of traffic flow. Provide
sufficient space for waiting and
queuing which must not infringe
on stairs. Carefully plan the
connection to the traffic routes.
There are two different drive
systems for lifts:
I. Traction sheave drive (for cable
lifts)
2. Hydraulic lifts

11. Hydraulic lift

12. ESCALATORS
Escalators are utilised for the
continuous transport of large numbers
of people (they do not count as stairs
for the purposes of building
regulations) and, for example in
department stores, have a pitch of 30
or 35°. The 35° escalator is more
economical because it requires less
space. For travel heights E:;6 m, the
30° escalator is required . The
transportation capacity is about the
same for both pitches. When installed
as part of transport facilities, a pitch of
27-28° should be used if possible. The
pitch is derived from a gradient
relationship of 16 x 30 em, a
comfortable size for a step.

13. ESCALATORS

14. STAIRCASE
Various calculations and
dimensional requirements for the
construction of stairs appear in
national building regulations and
standards. In the UK, British
Standards and the building
regulations should be consulted
(see Approved Document K). For
workplaces, the regulations of the
relevant health and safety body
are to be observed. According to
German standards, residential
buildings with no more than two
flats must have a usable stair
width min.
All stairs without landings, whatever the type, cover practically the same surface area; curving of the steps only varies the distance between the
bottom and top of the stairs. From the architectural point of view, therefore, only straight or curving stairs should be used. The latter have the
advantage that the bottom and top stairs at storey levels lie above one another

15. RAMPS
Pedestrians, wheelchair users
and people with prams or
pushchairs should be able to
move easily from one level to
another.
Ramps
stepped ramp
stair with ramp
gradient

17. THEATRE
PROJECTION
o Fire-separation materials are no longer required in the projection room due to the use of safety film
o One projectionist operates a number of projectors, so the projection room is no longer considered as
continuously occupied by staff
o It has 1 m spacing from the projector at the back and on the operator side, 2.80 m height, ventilation
and extraction, and sound insulation to the auditorium. The projection rooms of several auditoriums
can be combined together.
o Film widths are 16 mm, 35 mm and 70 mm. The centre of the projection beam should not deviate
more than so horizontally and vertically from the centre of the screen or it should be redirected by a
deflection mirror
o These depend on the distance of the projector from the screen and having a height-side relationship
of 1 :2.34 (Cinemascope) or 1 :1.66 (wide screen) with a narrow auditorium width. The angle from
the centre of the back row of seating to the outer edge of the picture should not exceed, for
Cinemascope, 38° = distance of the back row : screen = 3:2

18. THEATRE
AUDITORIUM
◦ Auditorium: This should receive no incoming light except for emergency lighting. The walls and ceilings
should be of nonreflecting material in relatively dark colours. The audience should sit within the outer
edge of the screen. The viewing angle from the first row of seats to the centre of the picture should not
exceed 30°.
◦ Up to a 10% floor gradient is permissible, or else steps with max. 16 em risers and aisles of 1.20 m width. Up to 10 seats
may be arranged on each sde of each aisle
Sound reproduction In addition to
mono optical sound reproduction, the
Dolby stereo optical system with four
channels will be required in the future,
using three loudspeaker combinations
behind the screen and additional
speakers at the sides and back. For 70
mm film, 6 channel magnetic sound,
there are additional speaker
combinations behind the screen. With
BTX, behind the screen there is a
sound-absorbing wall (following the
Lucas film system), in which the
loudspeaker combinations are
installed.
• Acoustics Adjacent auditoriums should be separated by walls of approx. 85 dB 18-20 000 Hz
• The ceiling should feature sound-directing surfaces with low acoustic delay difference time.
• The reverberation time can increase with growing auditorium volume and reduces from 0.8 to 0.2 s from
low to high frequencies. ~ p. 222. The rear wall behind the last row of seats should have an insulated
surface to prevent echo .
• Loudspeakers are distributed in the auditorium so that the difference in volume between the front and
back rows does not exceed 4 dB.

19. THEATRE
MULTIPLEX CINIMAS
◦ With a number of screens of various sizes in one building, multiplex cinemas are often combined with
shopping centres, car parks etc, which require extensive parking space
◦ The auditoriums are reached via a common entrance and sometimes stacked. On account of the large
numbers of visitors, good orientation and clear signing to the individual screens is important. The
location of the screens in relation to the entrance foyer should be according to their size (large screens
nearest to the foyer), or the largest screen in a central location/on the direct route from the foyer. The
sizes of the single auditoriums depend on the requirements of the operator, as also the spacing of the
rows, foyer design etc.
◦ Cinema auditorium The screen should fill the entire wall; there should be no exits in this wall or the
side walls near to it. Cross-passages should be provided as a connection between the doors or at a side
entrance to reach the side aisles
◦ Projection room Minimum room size: 6.50 x 2.80 x 2.80 m 0/IJ x D x H). Projection window size approx.
150/250 x 50 em (one or two projectors) Film can be supplemented by video projectors, and space
should also be provided for horizontal film tray equipment and control desk. The platform under the
projectors should be vibration-free. A noise level of approx. 75 dB must be damped to 30 dB by the
projection window. The working temperature should not exceed 22oc in order to protect film copies
and equipment.

21. Toilets
◦ WC’S: Should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall, partition, vanity
or other obstruction. Supply a predetermined quantity of not more than 4.5 litres of water
per flush after each use.
◦ URINALS : Individually wall-hung urinals units shall be at least 300mm wide. A urinal should
not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall.
◦ WASHBASINS : The basin should have a minimum size of 500mm in length and 400mm in
width.
WASHROOMS : One toilet
compartment with minimum
size 2000x1750mm in each
floor.

22. HVAC
AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION : Planning
design criteria (fundamental requirements)
The objects of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings
shall be to provide conditions under which people can live in comfort, work
safety and efficiency.
Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and
optimizing following factors in the building :
a) Air purity and filtration
b) b) Air movement
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Relative humidity
e) Noise and vibration
f) Energy efficiency
g) Fire safety

23. FOOD COURT
ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR
COMPONENTS OF A SHOPPING MALL,
HOWEVER, IS A COLLECTION OF
DIFFERENT RESTAURANTS KNOWN AS
A FOOD COURT. A FOOD COURT
OFFERS MALL VISITORS WITH A
COLLECTION OF DIVERSE EATERIES,
FROM LOCAL FRANCHISES TO
MULTINATIONAL CHAINS. VENUES IN A
TYPICAL FOOD COURT OPERATE SIDE-
BY-SIDE TO EACH OTHER, WITH A
CENTRALIZED COMMON DINING AREA
TO ACCOMMODATE CUSTOMERS.

24. SUPERMARKET
◦ ARCHITECTURALLY, THE SUPERMARKET IS A LARGESCALE EMPORIUM OF
MERCHANDISE THAT DOESN'T HAVE TO SHOUT TO BE NOTICED PROPERLY
SITUATED ON ITS SITE, THE SUPERMARKET AND ANY "SATELLITE SHOPS,"
ATTACHED OR NOT (SHOPS WHICH CAN BE ENTERED FROM THE MARKET
OR FROM A SEPARATE OUTSIDE ENTRANCE) OFFER A PERKING RATIO OF 3
.6 SQ FT TO 1 SQ FT OF TOTAL STORE AREA . TO OBTAIN THE NECESSARY
PARKING AREA IN AREAS WITH HIGH LAND COSTS, ROOFTOP AND
BASEMENT PARKING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED . THE SATELLITE SHOPS
SUCH AS CONVENIENCE GROCERY STORES, LIQUOR AND DRUGSTORES,
AND A CARRY-OUT FOOD SHOP REMAIN OPEN AFTER THE SUPERMARKET
HAS CLOSED FOR THE DAY
◦ NEW FREE-STANDING SUPERMARKETS AVERAGE 22,700 SQ FT TO 31,000
SQ FT WITH 75 TO 80 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL STORE DEVOTED TO
SELLING SPACE AND THE REMAINING 20 TO 25 PERCENT OF FLOOR SPACE
DEVOTED TO SERVICE AREAS SUCH AS STORAGE COOLERS,
PREPACKAGING AREAS, GROCERY STORAGE, ETC . WEEKLY SALES PER
SQUARE FOOT OF SELLING SPACE VARY FROM $3 .10/SQ FT TO $3 .75/SQ

25. SERVICES
◦ BUILDINGS MUST BE CONSTRUCTED SO THAT THE START OF FIRE, AND THE
SPREAD OF FIRE AND SMOKE, ARE PREVENTED, AND RESCUE OF PEOPLE
AND ANIMALS AND EFFECTIVE FIRE FIGHTING ARE POSSIBLE.
CONSEQUENTLY THERE ARE REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING FLAMMABILITY
OF BUILDING MATERIALS, BUILDING COMPONENTS' DURATION OF FIRE
RESISTANCE (FIRE RESISTANCE RATING), THE SEALING OF CLOSURES TO
OPENINGS AND THE PROVISION OF ESCAPE ROUTES
◦ ESCAPE ROUTES RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL UNITS WITH AT LEAST ONE
OCCUPIED ROOM MUST HAVE AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT ESCAPE
ROUTES LEADING TO THE OPEN AIR ON EACH STOREY. (IF THE UNITS ARE
NOT AT GROUND LEVEL, THE FIRST ESCAPE ROUTE MUST BE VIA A LEGALLY
ESSENTIAL STAIRCASE, IF REQUIRED IN ITS OWN {LEGALLY ESSENTIAL)
STAIRWELL, AND THE SECOND ESCAPE ROUTE VIA A SECOND ESSENTIAL
STAIRCASE OR A SINGLE UNIFIED LOCATION WHICH IS ACCESSIBLE WITH THE
RESCUE EQUIPMENT OF THE LOCAL FIRE BRIGADE -
◦ FROM EVERY LOCATION IN AN OCCUPIED ROOM, THERE MUST BE WITHIN
MAX. 35 M AT LEAST ONE EXIT INTO A LEGALLY ESSENTIAL STAIRWELL OR
INTO THE OPEN AIR
FIRE PROTECTION

26. WATER SUPPLY,
DRAINAGE AND
SANITATION ;
◦ A SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A BUILDING
SEWER, A BUILDLNG DRAIN, A SOIL AND/OR WASTE STACK,
HORIZONTAL BRANCHESOR FIXTUREDRAIN, ANDVENTS.THE
SANITARYDRAINAGEOF A LARGE BUILDINGMAY HAVE A
NUMBER OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BRANCHES,AND
SEVERALSOIL AND/ORWASTE STACKS,EACH OF THEMIN
TURNMAY HAVE A NUMBEROF HORIZONTALBRANCHES.
◦ PLUMBING : A) THE PIPES, FIXTURES AND OTHER APPARATUS
INSIDE A BUILDING FOR BRINGING IN THE WATER SUPPLY AND
REMOVING THE LIQUID AND WATER BORNE WASTES.
◦ * B) THE INSTALLATION OF THE FOREGOING PIPES, FIXTURES
AND OTHER APPARATUS.

27. WATER SUPPLY,
DRAINAGE AND
SANITATION ;
◦ PLUMBING SYSTEM : THE PLUMBING SYSTEM B SHALL INCLUDE
THE WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PIPES; PLUMBING
FITTINGS AND TRAPS; SOIL, WASTE, VENT PIPES AND ANTI-
SIPHONAGE PIPES; BUILDING DRAINS AND BUILDING SEWERS
INCLUDING THEIR RESPECTIVE CONNECTIONS, DEVICES AND
APPURTENANCES WITHIN THE PROPERTY LINES OF THE
PREMISES; AND WATER-TREATING OR WATER-USING EQUIPMENT.
◦ SYSTEMS OF DRAINAGE : COMBINED SYSTEM — A SYSTEM IN
WHICH FOUL WATER (SEWAGE) AND SURFACE WATER ARE
CONVEYED BY THE SAME SEWERS AND DRAINS. SEPARATE
SYSTEM — A SYSTEM IN WHICH FOUL WATER (SEWAGE) AND
SURFACE WATER ARE CONVEYED BY THE SEPARATE SEWERS AND
DRAINS. PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM — A MODIFICATION OF THE
SEPARATE SYSTEM IN WHICH PART OF THE SURFACE WATER IS
CONVEYED BY THE FOUL (SANITARY) SEWERS AND DRAINS

28. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN
MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS
:
THERE ARE FOUR BASIC
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF
WATER TO A MULTI-STOREYED
BUILDINGS.
1)DIRECT SUPPLY FROM MAINS
TO ABLUTIONARY TAPS AND
KITCHEN WITH WCS AND
URINALS SUPPLIED BY OVERHEAD
TANKS.
2)DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEMS
3)HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
4)OVERHEAD TANKS
DISTRIBUTION

29. VENTILATION
◦ MECHANICAL VENTILATION : • WHERE MECHANICAL MEANS
ARE USED FOR VENTILATION, THERE SHOULD BE CROSS
VENTILATION AND THE AIR EXCHANGE RATE SHOULD HAVE A
MINIMUM OF 15 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR. • THE EXHAUST AIR
SHOULD BE DISCHARGED TO THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING
AT A POSITION AT LEAST 2 M ABOVE THE PAVEMENT LEVEL
AND AT LEAST 5 M FROM ANY WINDOW OR FRESH AIR INTAKE.
◦ NATURAL VENTILATION : FOR NATURAL VENTILATION, SUITABLE
FRESH AIR INLET GRILLES SHALL BE PROVIDED TO ENSURE AN
AIR EXCHANGE RATE OF 5 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR