introduction to anatomy and physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Maxim T. Barikder
Lecturer, BANC

2. Introduction
Anatomy
 It is a Greek word ( Ana-
Tome): meaning cutting
up.
 Anatomy is the study of
body structure/ science
of structure
Physiology
 Physiology is the study of
body functions/science of
body functions

3. Subdivisions of Anatomy
1) Gross Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
2)Microscopic anatomy
 Histology
 Cytology
3) Embryology
4) Developmental
anatomy
5) Highly specialized
branch of anatomy
a) Pathological Anatomy
b) Radiological Anatomy
c) Clinical anatomy

4. Gross Anatomy
 It is also known as Macroscopic anatomy
 Study of large body structures visible to
unaided/ naked eye.
 Gross anatomy is of two types-
Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy

5. Surface Anatomy
 Study of form
and
markings of
body
surfaces,
often
explored
through
visualization.

6. Systemic anatomy
 Studies the structure of specific system of the body.
Eg nervous system, reproductive system,
musculoskeletal system.

7. Regional anatomy
 Studies the specific regions of the body. Eg head ,
neck, chest, etc.

8. Microscopic anatomy
 It studies the structures of the body which can not be
seen with unaided / naked eyes.
 Microscope is needed to study this structures.

9. Histology
 Microscopic study of tissue of the body .

10. Cytology
 Microscopic study of cells of the body . Eg RBC,
WBC, Plasma etc.

11. Embryology
 The study of developmental changes of a human
embryos and fetus before birth during intra uterine
life.

12. Developmental anatomy
 Studies about complete development of an individual
from fertilization to death.

13. Pathological Anatomy
 Studies about structural changes associated with
disease. Eg. Changes in integumentary system
(skin) during scabies infection.

14. Radiological Anatomy
 Study of structure that can be visualized or seen with
X-ray, CT Scan, MRI and other radiological tests
images.

15. Clinical anatomy
 It is the application of
anatomical knowledge
in clinical practice.
Applied anatomy
 Direct application of
facts about human
anatomy to medicine
and surgery.

16. Subdivisions of Physiology
Studies the function
1. Neurophysiology- Studies the functional properties of
nervous system(nerve cell).
2. Endocrinology- Studies the function of hormones &
how they control body functions.
3. Cardiovascular physiology- Studies the function
heart and blood vessels.
4. Immunology- Studies about bodies defense against
disease causing antigens.
5. Respiratory physiology- Studies the function of
respiratory tract & lungs.
6. Renal physiology- Studies the functions of kidneys.
7. Pathophysiology - Studies the functional changes
associated/ related to disease.

17. Levels of Organization
1. Chemical level
a. Atom
b. Molecule
• The smallest unit of matter
• A cluster of atoms bonded together
2. Cellular level • The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.
3. Tissue level • A group of similar cells working on a common function
4. Organ level
• A group of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common
function
5. System level • Several organs working together to perform a function
6. Organism
• A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently
perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

18. Levels of Organization

19. Significance of Anatomy and
Physiology
1. Provide basic knowledge about the human body
and its functions.
2. Provide theoretic and practical knowledge about
human body.
3. Helps in dealing with medical emergencies.
4. Help in understanding the health status of patients.
5. Helps in improving and polishing the medical and
clinical skills.
6. Helps diagnosis and treatment of various
diseases.