1. Using Nouns in Sentences Chapter 2

2. Using Nouns in Sentences Nouns are words that name people, places, things, events, and ideas. It is hard to write or talk about anything without using a noun. Look around and you will see thousands of nouns. In Chapter 2, you will learn about nouns. Each lesson tells about different kinds of nouns. You will learn how they are used in everyday speech and writing.

3. Goals for Learning To recognize nouns in sentences, and to identify and use compound and collective nouns To identify and use common and proper nouns, and to capitalize proper nouns To identify and use abstract and concrete nouns To identify nouns as singular or plural, and to spell plural nouns To spell plural nouns that have irregular forms, and to spell the plural form of proper nouns, numbers, dates, and letters To tell the difference between plural nouns and possessive nouns

4. Key Vocabulary Words Noun A word that names a person, place, thing, event, or idea Collective noun The name of a group of people, places, or things Compound noun Two or more words that work together to name one thing Common noun The name of any person, place, thing, event, or idea

5. Key Vocabulary Words Proper noun The name of one particular person, place, thing, event, or idea Abbreviation A short form of a word Concrete noun A word that names something you can see or touch Abstract noun A word that names something you cannot see or touch Singular noun The name of one person, place, thing, event, or idea

6. Key Vocabulary Words Plural noun The name of more than one person, place, thing, event, or idea Irregular plural noun A plural that does not follow the normal rules Possessive noun A word that shows ownership or a relationship between the two things Apostrophe (‘) A punctuation mark that you use to show that a noun is possessive

7. What Is a Noun? Lesson 2-1

8. Objectives To identify nouns To identify collective nouns To identify compound nouns

9. What Is a Noun? A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event, or idea. EXAMPLE 1 Persons teacher, agent, aunt, worker, Carmela Places state, theater, town, Washington Things book, dish, apple, PlayStation Ideas choice, thought, belief, happiness

10. What Is a Noun? A noun can be the name of a part of something. EXAMPLE 2 A hand is a part of a clock. A mane is a part of a horse.

11. Collective Nouns A collective noun is the name of a group of people, places, or things. EXAMPLE 3 Groups of People group, audience, crowd, team Groups of Places nation, United States, country Groups of Animals herd, flock, swarm, pack Group of Things collection, set, series

12. Compound Nouns A compound noun is two or more words that work together to name one thing. Some compound nouns are written as one word. EXAMPLE 4 fire + fighter = firefighter back + yard = backyard

13. Compound Nouns Some compound nouns use a hyphen between the words. A hyphen is a short dash between parts of a word. EXAMPLE 5 mid-July mother-in-law

14. Compound Nouns Some compound nouns look like two words. In these compound nouns, the words work together to name on person, place, thing, event, or idea. EXAMPLE 6 White House ice cream Thomas Jefferson swim team

15. Common and Proper Nouns Lesson 2-2

16. Objectives To identify and use common nouns and proper nouns To capitalize proper nouns To capitalize abbreviations of proper nouns To capitalize and punctuate titles

17. Common and Proper Nouns A common noun is the name of a general type of person, place, thing, event or idea. Most of the nouns you use are common nouns. Common nouns begin with lower case letters. A proper noun is the name of one particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. When you write, always begin proper nouns with capital letters. EXAMPLE 1 Common Noun Proper Noun mountain Mount Everest holiday Thanksgiving magazine Garden Design

18. Parts of the Country or World The names of parts of the country or world are proper nouns. When compass directions are used as nouns they are common nouns. EXAMPLE 2 Part of the Country Darnell visited the East with his family. Direction The plane flew toward the east.

19. Languages, Courses, and Subjects The name of a language is a proper noun. The name of a certain course in school is a proper noun. The name of a subject is a common noun. EXAMPLE 3 Proper Noun Common Noun Spanish language Algebra II math

20. Abbreviations of Proper Nouns An abbreviation is a short form of a word. If the word is a proper noun, capitalize its abbreviation. Titles like Doctor and Mister are proper nouns. They are usually abbreviated. EXAMPLE 4 Proper Noun Abbreviation Maryland MD Doctor Turner Dr. Turner Franklin Street Franklin St. Most of the words in an address are proper nouns.

21. Titles Capitalize the first word of a title. Also capitalize each important word. Underline the title of a movie, book, magazine, opera, or play. If you are using a computer to write, use italics instead of underlining. Put quotation marks around the title of a song, poem, or short story. EXAMPLE 5 Song “America, the Beautiful” Book The Red Pony or The Red Pony Short Story “To Build a Fire”

22. Abstract and Concrete Nouns Lesson 2-3

23. Objectives To identify and use concrete nouns To identify and use abstract nouns

24. Abstract and Concrete Nouns Nouns can be abstract or concrete. A concrete noun is a word that names something you can see or touch. An abstract noun is a word that names something you cannot see or touch. You can think about it or talk about it.

25. Abstract and Concrete Nouns EXAMPLE 1 Concrete Noun Abstract Nounmoney priceclock minutecollege educationsports car typepaper assignment Abstract nouns can be difficult to identify. If a noun names something you cannot see or touch, it is an abstract noun.

26. Singular and Plural Nouns Lesson 2-4

27. Objectives To identify and use singular and plural nouns To spell the plural form of nouns ending in s, z, x, ch, sh, y, o, f, and fe

28. Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun is the name of one person, place , thing, event, or idea. A plural noun is the name of more than one person, place, thing, event, or idea. Most plural nouns end in –s. EXAMPLE 1 Singular Noun Plural Nounflower flowerstree treesmouth mouths

29. Nouns That End with s, z, x, ch, or sh Add –esto nouns that end in s, z, x, ch, or shto form the plural. EXAMPLE 2 Singular Noun Plural Nounpass passesquiz quizzeswish wishes

30. Nouns That End with y Some nouns that end with y become plural by changing the y to –ies. Some nouns that end with y become plural by adding –s. Study the two examples. What is the difference between the two groups of words? Say the plural forms in both groups our loud. EXAMPLE 3 Change y to –iesAdd –scity cities key keyslady ladies alley alleysspy spies boy boys

31. Nouns That End with y Here are the rules for making the plural forms of nouns that end with y. Rule 1 The letter before the y in key, alley, and boy is a vowel. You make these nouns plural by adding –s. Rule 2 The letter before y in city, lady, and spy is a consonant. You make these nouns plural by changing the y to –ies.

32. Nouns That End with o Some nouns end with a vowel and an o. Make the plural form of these nouns by adding –s. EXAMPLE 4 Singular Noun Plural Nounradio radiosstudio studiostrio trios

33. Nouns That End with o Some nouns end with a consonant and an o. Make the plurals of these nouns by adding –es. EXAMPLE 5 Singular Noun Plural Nounpotato potatoesecho echoes

34. Nouns That End with f, ff, or fe Some nouns that end with f, ff, or fesound different in their plural forms. Say these words out loud. Listen to how they sound. cliff cliffs roof roofs

35. Nouns That End with f, ff, or fe You form the plural of some nouns that end with f, ff, or feby adding –s. Form the plural of others by changing the f to v and adding –es. EXAMPLE 7 Singular Noun Plural Nounsafe safeslife livesbelief beliefsleaf leaves

36. More About Plural Nouns Lesson 2-5

37. Objectives To spell irregular plural nouns To form plural proper nouns To form plural numbers, dates, and letters

38. Irregular Plural Nouns Some plural nouns do not follow the regular rules. They are called irregular plural nouns. For example, in very few cases the singular and plural forms of a noun are the same. EXAMPLE 1 Singular Noun Plural Nounone deer a herd of deerone sheep many sheepa trout a school of trout

39. Irregular Plural Nouns To make some nouns plural, you change or add letters. EXAMPLE 2 Singular Noun Plural Nounchild childrenfoot feetox oxenmouse miceman men

40. Plural Proper Nouns You form the plurals of most proper nouns by adding –s. If a proper noun end in s or z, add –esto make it plural. EXAMPLE 3 Singular Proper Noun Plural Proper Nounthe Jones family the Jonesesthe Hernandez family the Hernandezes

41. Plural Forms of Numbers, Dates, and Letters Make a number, date, or letter plural by adding –s. No apostrophe is needed. EXAMPLE 4 The 1990s were years of great changes in technology. Inez got two As on her report card. Several papers got scores in the 90s.

42. Possessive Nouns Lesson 2-6

43. Objectives To make possessive nouns using apostrophes To tell the difference between plural nouns and possessive nouns

44. Possessive Nouns A possessive noun is a noun that shows ownership or a relationship between two things. A possessive noun uses an apostrophe (‘). An apostrophe is a punctuation mark. EXAMPLE 1 Where are Dante’s shoes? (The shoes belong to Dante.) Dante’s swim team won. (Dante is part of the team.) The team’s score is 2. (The team has a score of 2.)

45. Possessive Nouns To make a noun possessive, follow these rules: Rule 1 Make a singular noun possessive by adding an apostrophe and –s (‘s). EXAMPLE 2 Dante’s team the computer’s keyboard Rule 2 When a singular noun ends in s, add an apostrophe and –s (‘s). EXAMPLE 3 the boss’s day off Gail Russ’s book

46. Possessive Nouns Rule 3 Make a plural noun possessive by adding only an apostrophe (‘). EXAMPLE 4 the trains’ routes the trumpets’ sounds Rule 4 If a plural noun does not end in s, add an apostrophe and –s (‘s). EXAMPLE 5 the children’s toys the men’s locker room

47. Possessive Nouns Use an apostrophe in phrases such as one dollar’s worth or a week’s vacation. If the word is plural and ends in s, add only an apostrophe. EXAMPLE 6 Singular Pluralone cent’s worth ten cents’ wortha month’s vacation two months’ vacation

48. Possessive Nouns To decide whether to use a plural or possessive noun, think about what each one means. Look at the blue words in Example 7. How are they different? What does each word mean? EXAMPLE 7 Plural There were six teams at the meet. Possessive The team’s prize was a trophy.