1. A PRESENTATION ON
DESIGN OF SMART OFF GRID ENERGY SYSTEM
by
MD.FARMAN
M.Tech. (Energy System -2nd year)
EN NO - 09512010
1
Under the guidance of :
Dr. D.K. Khatod
Assistant Professor
I.I.T Roorkee
Dr. Arun Kumar
Head
I.I.T Roorkee

2.  General
• Energy scenario in India
• Grid, functions and types
• Smart grid
• Necessity of smart grid
• Various soft wares used in hybrid and smart grid system design
• Constraints in development of smart and off grid energy system in India
• Line diagram and features of smart grid energy system
• Progress in India for converting grid into smart grid
• Literature review
• Types of hybrid grid energy system
• Single line diagram of hybrid system
 Sizing of off grid energy system
• Conceptual schematic diagram of WDBS based hybrid system
• Flow chart for development of a WDBS based hybrid energy system
• Site selection and load assessment
• Wind power potential assessment
• Result of Sizing and costing of system
2

3.  Wind speed forecasting
 Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system
• Values of different coefficients
• Scheduling results of WDBS system
 Smart utilization of energy
• Circuit diagram and description for smart utilization of energy
• Major components name, purpose and cost
• Functional Diagram for display of LED, Alarm and Relay operation
• Developed model
• Different States of Power System and Corresponding Load
• Various connections and system state sensor
• Results
• Cost analysis
• Advantages
 Conclusions and future scope of work
 Various IEC standard and companies involved in designing smart grid
 List of publications
 References
3

4.  Total installed capacity of India = 1, 74,361.40 MW as on 30th April, 2011.
a). Contribution of energy sources in Indian power sector b). Sector wise installed capacity in India
• Net shortage of energy in India = 9.9 %
• The peak power shortage = 12.6 %
• Energy losses = 34%
• Total transmission length = 265,000 ckm.
4
94,653.38 MW
17,706.35 MW
1,199.75 MW
37,567.40 MW
4,780.00 MW
18,454.52 MW
Coal
Gas
Oil
Hydro (Large)
Nuclear
RES
82,452.58
MW
54,412.63
MW
37,496.19
MW
State Sector
Central Sector
Private Sector

5. Grid is electrical network which transmits power in bulk amount at fixed
frequency and voltage to different substation from where redistribution of
power to consumer takes place through substation. Nation has been divided in
five regions for transmission system, namely, Northern, North Eastern,
Eastern, Southern, and western.
5

6. Main functions:
• To transmit & distribute power at lower cost with highest efficiency and
reliability,
• To control and maintain a balance of power among various regions,
• To maintain power quality for consumers within specified limit.
Types of grid :
• Micro and Mini grid
• Major grid (Interconnected grid)
6

7. 7
Convergence of technology (IT + Communication + Automation & control )
in power system leads to optimal digital technology i.e. smart grid.
Off grid energy system i.e. mainly hybrid energy system is the integration of
renewable energy resources using distributed generation.

8. • To meet growing demand
• To reduce environmental impact.
• To reduce power theft and losses in T&D system.
• To maximize accessibility & profitability.
• To increase power and cyber security.
• Power system stability and aging of grid.
• Capacity and additional infrastructure (e-cars).
• To improve reliability, sustainability and continuity of supply.
• To improve Power quality (Harmonics, flicker, spike, shallow, dip)
and black outages.
 Smart Off grid energy system is a possible solution to overcome these
problems.
8

9. 9
S.NO OFF GRID (HYBRID) SYSTEM SMART GRID SYSTEM
1 HOMER PLC
2 PVSYST SCADA
3 HYBRID 2
ADAPTIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
(ADP)
4 RET SCREEN GRIDLAB-D
5 PV-DESIGN PRO FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
6 NUER09 GRIDAPPS

10. 10
S.NO Constraints in smart grid energy
system
Constraints in off grid energy
system
1 Gap between various technology Resources are distributed in nature
2 Lack of integration of distributed
generation
Lack of skilled man power
3 High Cost of infrastructure Unavailability of grid near site
4 Cyber threats in grid power
management
Inaccessible geological condition
5
Lack of government interest Clearance problem
6 Power quality problems Local factors

11. 11

12. • Self-healing: The grid rapidly detects, analyzes, responds, and
restores.
• Tolerant of attack: The grid mitigates and is resilient to physical /
cyber-attacks.
• Provides power quality needed by 21st century users: The grid
provides quality power consistent with consumer and industries
needs
• Empowers and incorporates the consumer: Ability to incorporate
consumer equipment and behavior in grid design and control.
• Accommodates a wide variety of supply and demand: The grid
accommodates a wide variety of resources, including demand
response, combined heat and power, wind, photovoltaic, and end-
use efficiency.
• Fully enables and is supported by competitive electricity markets.
• Dynamic pricing.
12

13. 13
• Electromechanical devices are being replaced by intelligent electronic
devices (IEDs)
• The Bureau of Indian Standards has issued a standardized meter protocol in
March 2010 to address meter interoperability.
• FACTS devices are being used in HVDC network for efficient power flow
between two sub-stations.
• Power Grid Corporation of India has given assignment to Siemens India
limited to change earth shielding wire with optical fiber.
• PGCIL has also given assignment to AREVA for construction of ultra high
voltage transmission line.
• PLCC is also incorporated in distribution system

14. S.NO MAIN FIELD SUB-AREA REFERENCE NO
1 Energy Scenario of India Sector & Source wise [1]
2 Introduction to Grid Grid. Grid Management [2]
3 Basic of Smart Grid Definition ,need, Layout [3,4]
4 Smart Grid Energy
System
Design of Various Network,
Remote Control, Phasor
Measurements, PLCC, AMR,
PHEVS
[5-22]
IEC Standards for Designing smart
grid
[23-27]
5 Off Grid Energy System
Sizing & costing of off grid energy
system
[28-31]
Control Strategy for off grid
energy system
[32-39]
Scheduling & dispatch strategy for
off grid hybrid energy system
[40-47]
6 Forecasting Wind speed forecasting [46-51]
14

15. 15

16. • Wind-Diesel-Battery Storage System
• Bio-mass – SPV – Diesel,
• Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Wind – Diesel,
• Geothermal – SPV – wind – Bio-mass-diesel,
• Fuel cell – SPV – Diesel,
• Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Bio-mass – Diesel,
• SPV – Small-hydro –Diesel, and
• Biomass – Small-hydro – SPV- battery storage.
16

17. 17
Wind turbine
Generator System
AC DC
Controller
Bus Bar
Battery
bank
DC AC
Dump
Load
LOAD
Diesel
Generator

18. 18
Start
Selection of Un- electrified Village
Is the Selected
Site is Cluster of
Villages?
NO
Hourly Wind &
other RES
Forecasting and
individual energy
Assessment
YES YES
Optimal
Resource
Selection That
can meet Load
Requirement
Is total
Demand
= Supply?
Add diesel/
Conventional
option to develop
hybrid system
Sizing the
individual Energy
System
Unit cost of
energy of
individual
resources
NO
YES
Problem
Formulation of
Hybrid Model
Cost
Optimization of
WDBS System
Unit Energy cost
of Hybrid energy
system
Operational
Scheduling
Strategy of WDBS
System
Load forecasting
and Assessment
of load profile
(Minimum ,
Desirable &
rate)
Stop

19. 19
1 2 1  
Fourier coefficient Expression
a0= 9.81 a0=(2/24)×Σy
a1 = 0.36 a1=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /12)
a2 = -0.02 a2=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /6)
a3 = -0.12 a3=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /4)
b1 = -0.27 b1=(2/24)× Σysinx(πxi /12)
b2 = -0.01 b1=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /6)
b3 = 0.07 b3=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /4)
Weight age MSE and RMS Error
λ1= 0.15, λ2 = 0.85 0.028, 0.169
λ1= 0.20, λ2 = 0.80 0.017, 0.132
λ1= 0.25, λ2 = 0.75 0.021, 0.0146
λ1= 0.30, λ2 = 0.70 0.016, 0.128
λ1= 0.35, λ2 = 0.65 0.020, 0.142
λ1= 0.40,λ2 = 0.60 0.027, 0.166
λ1= 0.45, λ2 = 0.55 0.022, 0.149
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20 25
WindSpeed(inm/s)
Hour of the Day
Actual & Forecasted Hourly wind speed
Actual wind speed
Forecasted wind
speed
 2 0
1 2 1 20.006 0.155 5.533 ( cos cos2
2
      i i i i i
a
y x x a x a x 3 1 2 3cos3 sin sin2 sin3 )   i i i ia x b x b x b x

20. Case.
No.
Component
of system
Capacity of component Generated
unit
System
cost
Unit cost of
energy
1
DG,
Converter &
Battery
DG1=20kW, DG2=15kW
DG3=10kW, Converter=12kW
Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)
194,854 969,362$ 0.395$
2
Wind
generator,
Converter,
DG & battery
Wind= (2×25kW), DG1=20kW
DG2=15kW, DG3=5kW
Converter=12kW
Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)
210,617 558,947 $ 0.228$
20
Load Value
Average load 21.78kW
Peak load 60 kW
Load description
Results of Sizing and Costing
Location map Components considered

21. 21
 
-
2
-
-
-
0 0
( )
0
 

   
 
 
 
cut in
rated cut in rated
w
rated rated cut out
cut out
v V
a bv cv P V v V
f v
P V v V
V v
 
 
 
   
3
- - - -
2 2 2
- -2
 
 
 
cut in cut in rated cut in cut in rated
cut in rated rated cut in rated
V V V V V V
a
V V V V V
 
     
4
- -
3 2 2
- -
3
2
 
 
 
cut in rated cut in rated
rated cut in rated cut in rated
V V V V
b
V V V V V
 
3
-
2
-
1
2 4
2
  
    
    
cut in rated
ratedcut in rated
V V
c
VV V

22. Type of
equation
Model equation for Revenue, operating cost and energy
constraints of WDB system
Equation
no
Revenue 1,2
Operating
cost
3
Equality
Constraints
for energy
4
5
6
7
22
]Cβ)}PC)P(PCPCPCΔT{β[F β
KK
WDWD
K
BL
K
WBBO
K
DL
K
DL
24/Δ4
1K
K
ALAL
K
C  

ΔT
24
To1KPPPPβ
K
BL
K
DL
K
WL
K
AL
K

ΔT
24
To1KPPPP
K
W
K
WD
K
WB
K
WL 
ΔT
24
To1K)
η
P
PΔT(ηVV
I
K
BLK
WBR
1KK
 
ΔT
24
KforV
0KforV
V Final
B
Initial
B
K
[





ΔT
24
1K
AL
K
AL
K
Energy ΔTC)P(βC 

ΔT
24
1K
β
K
Award CβC
24
ΔT
k 1
Operating cost of WDBS system
[ ( ) ]

      
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
k k k k
DL DL BO WB BL WD WDC P C P P C P T

23. Name of
variable
Lower & Upper bounds on variables Remarks
Equation
no
βk
Depend on load
condition &
system state
8
PWL
K For wind 9
PBL
K For battery
discharging
10
PWB
K For battery
charging
11
PDL
K For DG set 12
VK For battery energy
state
13
23
ΔT
24
To0KFor1β0 K

ΔT
24
To0KForPP0
K
W
K
WL 
ΔT
24
To0KForPP0
Max
B
K
BL 
ΔT
24
To0KForPP0
Max
B
K
WB 
ΔT
24
To0KForPP0
Max
D
K
DL 
1)
ΔT
24
(To1KForVVV MaxKMin


24. 24
S.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION
1 PAL
MAX 60.00 kW Peak load of System
2 Prated 30.00 kW Rated power for Wind Turbine
3 Vcut-in 3.00 m/s Cut-in speed for Wind Turbine
4 Vrated 7.00 m/s Rated speed for Wind Turbine
5 Vcut-out 20.00 m/s Cut-out speed for Wind Turbine
6 Hhub 20.00 m Hub height for Wind Turbine
7 CWO
K 0.30 Rs/kW Operating cost for Wind Turbine
8 CWD
K 2.00 Rs/kW Cost for Wind power to Dump load
9 PD-rated 30.00 kW Rated power for Diesel Generator
10 PD
Min &
PD
Max
0.00 and
30.00
kW Minimum and maximum power from
Diesel Generator
11 CDL
K 10.00 Rs/kW Operating cost for Diesel Generator

25. 25
S.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION
12 PB-rated 12.00 kW Rated power for Battery unit
13 ηR & ηI 0.85 &
0.90
- Efficiency of battery unit during charging
& discharging mode
14 PB
Min &
PB
Max
0.00 and
12.00
kW Minimum and maximum power from
Battery unit during charging as well as
discharging mode
15 CBO 0.40 &
0.40
Rs/kW Operating cost for Battery unit during
charging & discharging mode
16 VB
Cap 30.00 kWh Capacity of Storage
17 VB
Min &
VB
Max
3.00 &
30.00
kWh Minimum and maximum energy level of
Storage
18 VB
Initial &
VB
Final
15.00 &
15.00
kWh Initial and final energy level of Storage
19 CAL 11.00 Rs/kWh Tariff for serving system demand
20 Cβ 150.00 Rs. Value of award for Beta

26. 26
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25
ConsumerloadDemand(in
kW)
Hour of the Day
Consumer Load Demand
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25
DispatchedLoadPAL
K(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Load Served to the Autonomous System
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
ValueofBeta
Hour of the Day
Hourly variation of Beta(Load
served/Load demand)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerProfile(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Hourly Profile of served and required demand
Demand
Profile
Served
Demand

27. 27
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerfromWindtoLoad
PWL
K(inkW)
Hour Of the Day
Contribution of Power from Wind
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerfromDGsettoLoad
PDL
K(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Contribution of Power from Diesel Generator
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerfromBatteryBankto
LoadPBL
K(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Power from Battery Bank to Load
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerProfile(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Hourly Profile of All Sources
Contribution
from Wind
Generator
Contribution
from DG set
Contribution
from Battery
Bank

28. 28
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
WindPowertoLoad&BatteryBank(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Wind Power distribution for Load Demand & Battery Charging
Wind Power Fed to
the Load
Wind Power Fed to
the Battery Bank

29. 29
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
In&OutBatteryPower(inkW)
Hour of the Day
Hourly Power after Rectification and Inversion process of Battery bank
Hourly Power after
Rectification Process
Hourly Power after
Inversion Process

30. 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
BatteryEnergyStateVK
(inkAh)
Hour of the Day
Hourly Battery Energy State

31. 31
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
ValueoftheBeta(Serveddemand/Requireddemand)
Hour of the Day
Hourly Variation of Beta with & without DG Set and Battery Bank
Hourly Variation of
Beta with DG Set &
Battery Bank
Hourly Variation of
Beta without DG Set &
Battery Bank

32. • Display of generation cost to consumer
• Power system status display to consumer
• Spot pricing based on power system status
• Alarm activation during high cost of generation period
• Application of intelligent electronic devices in hybrid system
• Automatic heavy load rejection during high cost of generation period
32

33. 33

34.  The power from wind-diesel and battery storage is simulated by power available from 1-Ф,
230V, 3 pin socket.
 Four feeders are sectionalized using tie switches.
 Overall load current is sensed with the help of voltage developed across the standard
resistance.
 An isolation Transformer is used to isolate the HV and LV circuit.
 The voltage signal is divided into four parts for showing four power system states
 After rectification and averaging process, signal is given to the AT Mega 32
microcontroller.
 The necessary biasing voltage is obtained with the help of Transformer, Diode Bridge, IC
LM 7912, IC LM 7805, BS 170, capacitor, and resistor.
 IC LM 7912 provide positive VCC (+12V) while LM 7805 provide negative VCC (-12V).
 Four resistances, each of 330 Ω, is inserted between four different colours LEDs and
microcontroller which limits the LEDs current.
 For changing LCD back light intensity 10 Mega Ω variable resistance is connected between
display and controller.
 0.01 μF capacitor is connected in port A of the controller to provide stable reference
voltage.
 After 230/15 V transformer and diode bridge, two capacitors having capacitance of 4700 μF
each is connected which provide stabilized DC voltage to IC 7912 and 7812.
 After IC, two capacitors are inserted to obtain stabilized +VCC and –VCC which is fed to
the controller.
34

35. S.NO Component Purpose Cost(Rs.)
1 230/12V Transformer As a Battery and supply power to controller 50
2 12/12V Transformer Isolation from HV & LV circuit 100
3 Ordinary diode Full bridge used for rectification 10
4 Standard resister Limiting Current 50
5 Reset switch & 2 Way tie switch Reset & load management 120
6 MOSFET Controlled Switch 50
7 16×2 Display Display 140
8 AT Mega 32 Controller Providing Control instruction 250
9 AVR High speed USB programmer Program Development 700
10 Electrical Load, cable and holder Demand, connections 300
11 Load Shedding Alarm Remote alarm 100
12 IC-7912, 7805 and BS 170 Biasing voltage(+VCC & -VCC) 75
13 741 OPAMP Voltage follower provide high impedance 10
14 Capacitor Stabilizing reference & DC Voltage 50
15 LED Indication 10
16 Zener Diode Voltage Clipping 10
17 Relay Load control of High power appliances 25
35

36. 36
START
Initialize the LCD Unit
Initialize the ADC
Read the Digital Value of the Signal
CheckPSStatus
Is Voltage
< 1.25 V?
Is PS Status
is E or P?
Check Voltage Level
Is Voltage
< 2.5 V?
Is Voltage
< 3.75 V?
Display PS Status :E
Rs. 12: Cost Highest
Display PS Status :N
Rs. 9 : Cost Normal
Display PS Status :S
Rs. 8: Cost Least
Display PS Status :P
Rs. 11 : Cost High
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
Actuate Alarm
Circuitry
YES
Relay Supply
OFF
NO
STOP
STOP

37. 37
1. Four feeder and each
sectionalized into two parts
2. Four set of sectionalizing
switch
3. Four power system state
(E,S,N,P)
4. Different tariff rates in
different power system state
5. Tariff display panel
6. System status sensor
7. Controller , relay and alarm

38. 38
Emergency State Saving State
Normal State
Peak State

39. 39
Connection between controller, Relay and display Connection between power and control circuit
Tie switch and Current sensor

40. • During Emergency(E) state, load considered is less than 40%
• During Saving(S) state, load is less than 55%
• During Normal(N) state, load is less than 88%
• During Peak(P) state, load is equal to installed capacity of the plant
40
Details of controlling actions
Voltage(V) PS Status Unit Cost Alarm State Relay State LED glows
V<1.25V E 12 ON ON Red
[1.25V,2.5V) S 8 OFF OFF Green
[2.5V,3.75V) N 9 OFF OFF White
[3.75V,5V) P 11 ON ON Yellow

41. 41
• Per house hold maximum connected load= 400W (2×100W bulb+2×60W fan+80W Auxiliaries)
• Let us assume, 50 percentage of house hold load (200W) is kept off for one hour in a day due to
awareness of the grid status.
• Total amount of energy saved during whole year considering electricity is available to the consumer
throughout the year is 0.200 kW ×365 days = 73 units.
• Cost of one unit energy through WDBS system =Rs. 9.00
• Hence annual cost of energy saving comes to be Rs. 9×73U = Rs 657.00
Equipment Name Cost of Equipment Cost of saved energy Saving in Rs.
Controller 250
Rs 657 Rs 657- 645=Rs. 12
Display 140
Wireless Alarm 100
LED & Zener Diode 10
Relay 25
MOSFET and IC 50
Capacitor, Resistor 50
Connecting Leads 20
Total Rs. 645

42. 42
• Peak demand reduced
• A proper load management
• Saving in consumer tariff bill
• Improvement in reliability of supply
• Effective utilization of energy
• Improvement in diversity factor
• Consumer will be more aware of generation cost and cost sensitive

43. 43
• Combination of Smart generation, smart distribution, smart utilization and energy
management in an autonomous system Leads to SOGES.
• Off grid hybrid generation can be the one of reliable method for electrification of remote
areas where grid extension is not techno-economically feasible.
• Profit obtained daily Rs. 7913.50
• Wind is supplying the load unless it is not available, for low wind availability period DG
and battery is supplying the load and Excess wind energy is used to charge the battery
bank
• Sectionalization of feeder based on priority & battery storage meet out peak demand,
• Demand and generation side management can be effectively implemented in OGES
Reliability of the supply improved,
• A high diversity factor can be achieved that can reduce system installation capacity
• Consumer will be aware of system state
Future scope of the work:
• Design of Load controller to perform load scheduling process of WDBS System
• Minimization of GHG Emissions From DG set
• Replacement of Diesel generator with other RES
• Advanced Meter Reading and Prepaid billing System
• System Status and Spot price Messaging System
• Facilitation and implementation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in Off Grid
Energy System

44. 44
S.NO Standards Application
1 IEC 61850[23]
Communication for PS automation, Communication for monitoring & control of
DER, SCADA, hydro power and harmonization issues.
2 IEC 61968[24] Common distribution power system model (CDPSM), messaging & interface.
3 IEC 61970[25] Common information model (CIM) and generic interface definition (GID)
4 IEC 62325[26] CIM for energy markets
5 IEC 62351[27] Communication security, protection, control, and process bus messaging.
Companies Name
Echelon Elster Comverge GE Itron
Aclara Grid Net Landis Gyr Sensus ABB
Grid Point OSI soft SEL G AREVA
Enernoc Trilliant O current System Microsoft
Tendril ORACLE CISCO IBM
Siemens SPRING Eka systems Avantha
Silver Spring Cooper Power Smart Synch Google

45. 45
List of publications
1. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Design of Smart Off-Grid Energy
System,”International Conference on Deregulated Environment and Energy Market,
(DEEM 2011), Chitkara University Panjab, India, July 22-23, 2011 (Accepted).
2. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Off grid Generation Scheduling with Wind-
Diesel and Battery Storage System, “International Conference on Emerging Green
Technologies (ICEGT-2011), Periyar Maniammai University Vallam, Tamilnadu,
India, July 27-30, 2011(Accepted).

46. 46
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