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- 1. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Morphosyntactic Categories and Midterm Practice LING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04 Meagan Louie 2013-10-25 Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 2. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Some Assignment 003 Notes 1 PDF! 2 Make sure your phonetic and phonological (phonemic and syllabic) analysis is based on an IPA transcription, not the orthography! 3 Provide evidence that X is a compound (or that it is not) Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 3. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology Linguistics: The study of Language Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 4. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech Q: How do you know if something is a... 1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Adjective 4. Determiners and/or Quantifiers 5. Complementizer, Prepositions 6. Adverb Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 5. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a person place or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) are problematic. Why? Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 6. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a person place or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) are problematic. Why? Because of examples like the following: (1) a. Actions/Events: actionN, eventN, destructionN b. States: illnessN, hungerN, intelligenceN c. runN, runV Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 7. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria 1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’t really have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced into saying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’t have a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well as formally, distinct. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 8. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria 1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’t really have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced into saying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’t have a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well as formally, distinct. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 9. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Parts of Speech So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria - i.e., criteria relating to a word’s well-formedness/distribution in particular morphological and syntactic environments 1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’t really have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced into saying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’t have a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well as formally, distinct. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 10. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 11. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 12. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 13. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 14. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 15. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment . ×or ? Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 16. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology baker-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } baker 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } baker 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: . Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 17. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology cat-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } cat 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }cat 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A . Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 18. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology enjoyment-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } enjoyment 3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }enjoyment 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment . Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 19. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology *ascertain-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } ascertain 3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }ascertain 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A . × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 20. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Nouns In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun: 1. Plural/Singular Morphology *perpetuate-sPL 2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } perpetuate 3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }perpetuate 4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A . × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 21. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 22. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 23. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 24. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST (ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 25. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST (ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 26. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST (ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST (iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG . or ×? Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 27. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past ascertain-edPAST (ii) Simple Present ascertain-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have ascertain-en/-edPAST (iv) Progressive Aspect is ascertain-ingPROG . Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 28. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past perpetuate-edPAST (ii) Simple Present perpetuate-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have perpetuate-en/-edPAST (iv) Progressive Aspect is perpetuate-ingPROG . Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 29. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past *cat-edPAST (ii) Simple Present *cat-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have *cat-en/-edPAST (iv) Progressive Aspect is *cat-ingPROG . × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 30. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology (i) Simple Past *enjoyment-edPAST (ii) Simple Present *enjoyment-s3sg.PRESENT (iii) Perfect Aspect have *enjoyment-en/-edPAST (iv) Progressive Aspect is *enjoyment-ingPROG . × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 31. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 32. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 2. Can appear before or after adverbs . { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext . texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily } Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 33. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 2. Can appear before or after adverbs . { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext . texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily } (2) a. They slowly perpetuated the stereotype. b. They ascertained (the answer) quickly. c. *They angrily cat. × d. *He happily enjoyment. × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 34. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 35. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries . { must, might, can, will }texttexttext Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 36. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Verbs In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb: 3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries . { must, might, can, will }texttexttext (3) a. They must perpetuate the stereotype. b. They will ascertain (the answer) quickly. c. *They might cat. × d. *He can enjoyment. × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 37. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 38. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: 1. Can follow ”very” P very texttexttext Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 39. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: 1. Can follow ”very” P very texttexttext 2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns P { The, a, every } texttexttextN Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 40. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: 1. Can follow ”very” P very texttexttext 2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns P { The, a, every } texttexttextN 3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology P texttexttext{ -er, -est } Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 41. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: 1. Can follow ”very” 2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns 3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology 4. Often formed by derivational suffixes -ish, -some (4) a. The very hungry caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. b. *The very ascertain caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. × c. *The very cat caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. × d. *The very between caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 42. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Adjectives In English: Examples If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a adjective: 1. Can follow ”very” 2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns 3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology (5) a. hungry, hungri-er, hungri-est. b. ascertain, *ascertain-er, *ascertain-est. × c. cat, *cat-er, *cat-est. × d. between, *between-er, *between-est. × Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 43. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Prepositions In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a preposition: Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 44. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Prepositions In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a preposition: 1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 45. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Prepositions In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a preposition: 1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext 2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 46. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Prepositions In English If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a preposition: 1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext 2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL 3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 47. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Formal Criteria for Prepositions In English: Examples (6) a. Right between the pages b. *between-ed, *between-s (7) a. Right under the pages b. *under-ed, *under-s (8) a. *Right cat the pages × b. The cats (9) a. *Right ascertain the pages × b. ascertain-ed, *ascertain-s Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 48. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Some Caution Required These diagnostics are language-specific. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 49. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Some Caution Required These diagnostics are language-specific. For example, trying to use the presence or absence of plural morphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns in Japanese, Cantonese or Mandarin. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 50. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Some Caution Required These diagnostics are language-specific. For example, trying to use the presence or absence of plural morphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns in Japanese, Cantonese or Mandarin. And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’t be that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow the noun. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 51. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Nouns Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Some Caution Required These diagnostics are language-specific. For example, trying to use the presence or absence of plural morphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns in Japanese, Cantonese or Mandarin. And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’t be that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow the noun. Each language will have its own diagnostics. Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 52. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology One of these things is not like the others... 1. Which sound is not like the others? Why not? (Your answer should refer to distinctive features) (10) a. [p t k g P] b. [i e E 2 æ] c. [tS Z S dZ ô] d. [p b m k f v] e. [2 @ U a] f. [h P x] g. [l r m n N j w s] Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 53. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Allophones or Phonemes? 2. Are [h] and [P] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? If not, how is their distribution conditioned? (i.e., in what contexts do you get [h], and in what contexts do you get [P] ?) (11) a. [kahon] ’box’ b. [hariP] ’king’ c. [Pumagos] ’to flow’ d. [Pari] ’property’ e. [kaPon] ’to fetch’ f. [humagos] ’to paint’ Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 54. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Allophones or Phonemes? 3. Are [d] and [r] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? If not, how is their distribution conditioned? (12) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’ b. [dami] ’amount’ c. [dumi] ’to dirt’ d. [datariN] ’will arrive’ e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’ f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’ g. [marumi] ’dirty’ h. [marami] ’many’ i. [daPiN] ’to complain’ j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 55. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Identifying Morphemes (i) How do you form an adjective from a noun in Tagalog? (ii) How do you form the future tense of a verb (will V) from the infinitive form (to V)? (13) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’ b. [dami] ’amount’ c. [dumi] ’to dirt’ d. [datariN] ’will arrive’ e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’ f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’ g. [marumi] ’dirty’ h. [marami] ’many’ i. [daPiN] ’to complain’ j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 56. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Root Allomorphy in French (Dell & Selkirk 1978) 4. Identify allomorphs in the following data set. What conditions the allomorphy? (14) a. [flœö] ”flower” b. [sœl] ”alone” c. [pœpl] ”people” (15) a. [v˜E] ”idle” b. [klEö] ”clear” c. [mEö] ”sea” d. [aföik˜E] ”African” (16) a. [flœöEt] ”small flower” b. [sœlm˜A] ”only” c. [pœplad] ”tribe” (17) a. [vEnm˜A] ”in vain” b. [´eklEöe] ”to light” c. [amEöiö ] ”to land on the sea” d. NA (18) a. [flOöal] ”floral” b. [sOlityd] ”solitude” c. [pOpYlEö] ”popular” (19) a. [vanite] ”vanity” b. [klaöifje] ”to clarify” c. [maö˜E ] ”sailor” d. [aföikanist] ”Africanist” Meagan Louie Morphosyntax
- 57. Introduction Categories Practice Problems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Verbal Nominalization in (written) Arabic 5. Describe how verbs are formed from nouns in the following data. (20) a. [zayt] ”oil” b. [bukla] ”buckle” c. [turki:] ”Turk” d. [tilifu:n] ”telephone” e. [tilifiziu:n] ”television” (21) a. [zayyata] ”to oil” b. [bukkala] ”to buckle” c. [tarraka] ”to Turkify” d. [talfana] ”to telephone” e. [talfaza] ”to televise” Meagan Louie Morphosyntax