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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Race, Ethnicity and National Origin in  Conducting Mental Health Research in  Black Populations
R.I.C.E. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Race Matters ,[object Object]
Nature of Race in United States ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biological and Social Perspectives on Race ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Self and Other Race Perceptions Self  Other Yes Black Not Black Yes Black African American Hispanic Afro Caribbean Not Black Hispanic Afro Caribbean Non-Hispanic White
Non-Minority Minority Difference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Operation of Healthcare  Systems and the Legal and  Regulatory Climate  Discrimination: Biases and Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Uncertainty UNKNOWN Disparity Quality of Health Care/Health Figure 1:  Differences and Disparities: Populations with Equal Access to Health Care Populations with Equal Access to Health Care
Law of Small Effects in Race Related Outcomes (Jackson, 2004) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Some Candidates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disparities in Demographic, Economic, and Social Resources: Structural Inequalities ,[object Object],[object Object]
Disparities in Health Status, Health Services and Mental Health: Physical and Psychological Inequalities ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Health Disparities by Age, Aging and the Life-Course ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
National Survey of  American Life Feb 2001-Present
NSAL Sampling Areas
Sample Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Areas Covered ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Areas Covered ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Areas Covered (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mental Health Sections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mental Health Sections (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Immigration Status and Ancestry Matter for Afro-Caribbeans
Lifetime Any Disorder**    (in percentages) Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. Note: Adjusted for age. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia White* African American Caribbean
12-Month Any Disorder**  (in percentages) Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. Note: Adjusted for age. First graph: F-Statistic significant, p < .05. Second graph: F-Statistic significant, p < .001. *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia White* African American Caribbean
Age, Ancestry, and Timing of Immigration Matter for Black Caribbeans
Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans Over 55 Years of Age Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia Over 55 Years of Age at Time of Interview
Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans 35 to 54 Years of Age   Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia 35 to 54 Year Years of Age at Time of Interview
Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans 18 to 34 Years of Age   Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia 18 to 34 Years of Age at Time of Interview
 
 
 
Summary from NSAL Cross-Section Study ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Family Connections Across  Generations and Nations International Multi-Generational Survey:
Multi-Generation Study ,[object Object],[object Object]
Caribbean U.S. UK Canada Black Caribbean Diaspora
Focal and Family Respondents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagram Organization
Select Caribbean Countries Included ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
International Multi-Generational  Survey: United States Base Core Multi-Generational Respondent Caribbean American/European American/ African American/Asian American Hispanic American Selected Multi-Generational  Family Members United States  Africa  Europe  Asia  Caribbean
NSAL Three-Generation and Caribbean Cross-Section Field period 2005-2006 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Average Age by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Average Years of Education by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Average Family Income (2004) Before Taxes by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Oldest African American Caribbean White Female 69.8% 53.1% 63.2% Employed 32.6% 14.6% 18.4% Home Ownership 68.2% 54.7% 84.2% Married or Living w/ Partner 37.5% 41.3% 50.2% U.S. Born 100.0% 61.8% 98.4%
Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Middle African American Caribbean White Female 62.8% 56.9% 55.3% Employed 76.2% 77.5% 72.1% Home Ownership 60.3% 63.3% 83.0% Married or Living w/ Partner 49.8% 44.8% 69.3% U.S. Born 98.9% 61.4% 98.3%
Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Youngest African American Caribbean White Female 54.6% 67.1% 59.0% Employed 66.5% 53.4% 67.1% Home Ownership 41.3% 45.1% 56.0% Married or Living w/ Partner 27.5% 22.0% 42.2% U.S. Born 99.2% 81.5% 98.9%
Made Changes in Behaviors  by Ever Been Tested H54.  Ever Been Tested for HIV/AIDS? H55. Made Changes in Behaviors?
Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS  by Ever Been Tested H54.  Ever Been Tested for HIV/AIDS? H56. Your Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS?
Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS by  Made Changes in Behaviors H55. Made Changes in Your Sexual or Other Behaviors due to HIV/AIDS? H56. Your Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS?
Percent Changed Sexual Behavior Due to AIDS/HIV by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Oldest
Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Middle
Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Youngest
Prevalence of Lifetime Major Depressive Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race
Prevalence of 12-Month Major Depressive Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race
Prevalence of Lifetime Bipolar* Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race *Combination of Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Subthreshold
Prevalence of Lifetime Alcohol Abuse or Dependence by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Prevalence of Lifetime Drug Abuse or Dependence by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
Black Caribbean and African Immigrant 5 City Diaspora Study ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Socio-demographics of U.S Born and Foreign Born Caribbean, Guyanese and Jamaican US Born Caribbean Foreign Born Caribbean Guyanese Jamaican Avg. Age (years) 34.8 43.4 40.1 36.9 Avg. Years of Education 13.4 12.9 10.88 11.94 Female 60.0% 60.5% 61.1% 70.1% Working 70.7% 73.8% 56.2% 54.4% Married 35.2% 45.7% 49.5% 33.1% Own Home 34.3% 41.3% 55.6% 46.9%
Percent of Respondents “Screened Into” Lifetime Major Depressive Disorder, Mania, Substance Abuse or Dependence US Born Caribbean Foreign Born Caribbean Guyanese Jamaican Depression 60.9% 46.0% 61.9% 65.3% Mania 27.1% 14.7% 22.7% 23.0% Substance Abuse or Dependence 13.6% 4.8% 7.7% 4.1%
Conclusions on Intra-Generational Family and Cross-National Comparisons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
International Multi-Generational  Survey: Caribbean Base Core Multi-Generational Respondent Jamaica/Guyana Selected Multi-Generational  Family Members Caribbean/United States/England/Canada /
NSAL Panel Study  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Outcomes of the NSAL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Outcomes of the NSAL ,[object Object],[object Object]
Thank You
Websites for NSAL and CPES Information: http://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/nsal.htm http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/sumprog/courses/2007-03-44.html   http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/training/index.html

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RACE ETHNICITY MENTAL HEALTH

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Self and Other Race Perceptions Self Other Yes Black Not Black Yes Black African American Hispanic Afro Caribbean Not Black Hispanic Afro Caribbean Non-Hispanic White
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. National Survey of American Life Feb 2001-Present
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Immigration Status and Ancestry Matter for Afro-Caribbeans
  • 23. Lifetime Any Disorder** (in percentages) Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. Note: Adjusted for age. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia White* African American Caribbean
  • 24. 12-Month Any Disorder** (in percentages) Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. Note: Adjusted for age. First graph: F-Statistic significant, p < .05. Second graph: F-Statistic significant, p < .001. *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia White* African American Caribbean
  • 25. Age, Ancestry, and Timing of Immigration Matter for Black Caribbeans
  • 26. Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans Over 55 Years of Age Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia Over 55 Years of Age at Time of Interview
  • 27. Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans 35 to 54 Years of Age Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia 35 to 54 Year Years of Age at Time of Interview
  • 28. Lifetime Any Disorder for Black Caribbeans 18 to 34 Years of Age Source: NSAL, National Survey of American Life, 2004. F-Statistics significant, p < .001 *NSAL Whites living in areas with Black population of 10% or more. **Includes 7 disorders asked of all races: Major Depression, Dysthymia, Mania, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Agoraphobia 18 to 34 Years of Age at Time of Interview
  • 29.  
  • 30.  
  • 31.  
  • 32.
  • 33. Family Connections Across Generations and Nations International Multi-Generational Survey:
  • 34.
  • 35. Caribbean U.S. UK Canada Black Caribbean Diaspora
  • 36.
  • 38.
  • 39.  
  • 40. International Multi-Generational Survey: United States Base Core Multi-Generational Respondent Caribbean American/European American/ African American/Asian American Hispanic American Selected Multi-Generational Family Members United States Africa Europe Asia Caribbean
  • 41.
  • 42. Average Age by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 43. Average Years of Education by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 44. Average Family Income (2004) Before Taxes by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 45. Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Oldest African American Caribbean White Female 69.8% 53.1% 63.2% Employed 32.6% 14.6% 18.4% Home Ownership 68.2% 54.7% 84.2% Married or Living w/ Partner 37.5% 41.3% 50.2% U.S. Born 100.0% 61.8% 98.4%
  • 46. Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Middle African American Caribbean White Female 62.8% 56.9% 55.3% Employed 76.2% 77.5% 72.1% Home Ownership 60.3% 63.3% 83.0% Married or Living w/ Partner 49.8% 44.8% 69.3% U.S. Born 98.9% 61.4% 98.3%
  • 47. Socio-demographics by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity - Youngest African American Caribbean White Female 54.6% 67.1% 59.0% Employed 66.5% 53.4% 67.1% Home Ownership 41.3% 45.1% 56.0% Married or Living w/ Partner 27.5% 22.0% 42.2% U.S. Born 99.2% 81.5% 98.9%
  • 48. Made Changes in Behaviors by Ever Been Tested H54. Ever Been Tested for HIV/AIDS? H55. Made Changes in Behaviors?
  • 49. Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS by Ever Been Tested H54. Ever Been Tested for HIV/AIDS? H56. Your Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS?
  • 50. Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS by Made Changes in Behaviors H55. Made Changes in Your Sexual or Other Behaviors due to HIV/AIDS? H56. Your Chances of Getting HIV/AIDS?
  • 51. Percent Changed Sexual Behavior Due to AIDS/HIV by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 52. Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Oldest
  • 53. Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Middle
  • 54. Chances of Getting HIV Virus by Ethnicity - Youngest
  • 55. Prevalence of Lifetime Major Depressive Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race
  • 56. Prevalence of 12-Month Major Depressive Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race
  • 57. Prevalence of Lifetime Bipolar* Disorder by Generation Cohort by Race *Combination of Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Subthreshold
  • 58. Prevalence of Lifetime Alcohol Abuse or Dependence by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 59. Prevalence of Lifetime Drug Abuse or Dependence by Generation Cohort by Ethnicity
  • 60.
  • 61. Socio-demographics of U.S Born and Foreign Born Caribbean, Guyanese and Jamaican US Born Caribbean Foreign Born Caribbean Guyanese Jamaican Avg. Age (years) 34.8 43.4 40.1 36.9 Avg. Years of Education 13.4 12.9 10.88 11.94 Female 60.0% 60.5% 61.1% 70.1% Working 70.7% 73.8% 56.2% 54.4% Married 35.2% 45.7% 49.5% 33.1% Own Home 34.3% 41.3% 55.6% 46.9%
  • 62. Percent of Respondents “Screened Into” Lifetime Major Depressive Disorder, Mania, Substance Abuse or Dependence US Born Caribbean Foreign Born Caribbean Guyanese Jamaican Depression 60.9% 46.0% 61.9% 65.3% Mania 27.1% 14.7% 22.7% 23.0% Substance Abuse or Dependence 13.6% 4.8% 7.7% 4.1%
  • 63.
  • 64. International Multi-Generational Survey: Caribbean Base Core Multi-Generational Respondent Jamaica/Guyana Selected Multi-Generational Family Members Caribbean/United States/England/Canada /
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 69. Websites for NSAL and CPES Information: http://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/nsal.htm http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/sumprog/courses/2007-03-44.html http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/training/index.html