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EPA Poster_Mar42015_v2
1.
RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION
DESIGN © 2012 www.PosterPresentations.com There was a significant effect of conservatism on hesitancy, F(2, 78) = 35.94, p < .001 and religiosity, F(2, 78) = 18.41, p < .001 Planned contrast analyses indicated no significant differences between Liberal and Moderate groups and significant differences between Conservative and both groups; thus, they were combined into a Non-conservative group Online Parental Sexual Education Attitudes Questionnaire (two sections): Section 1: Background Beliefs • Presence/absence of sexually conservative attitudes, e.g., “Do you believe that sexual activity should only occur inside of a traditional, monogamous marriage?” • Hesitancy regarding a child’s exposure to age-appropriate sexuality education in school • Religiosity—dual measure: 1) Personal identification with/commitment to a particular religion 2) Consideration of religious faith when making daily decisions Section 2: Specific Concerns Four identical sets of questions, repeated for each hypothetical age group: Early Elementary (Ages 5-7), Later Elementary (8-10), Middle School (11-13), and High School (14-18) • Parents indicated levels of concern (1 = “Not at all”) for six concerns/age group regarding potential consequences of a child’s exposure to age-appropriate sexual education curricula: • Four Fears of Increasing Sexual Activity (FISA; Ho 2) concerns • Two Fears of Increased Vulnerability to Sexual Abuse (FIV) concerns • Each age group had text box for “concerns not listed” M SD Range Age of Parent 41.2 13.67 20 - 72 # of Children 2.46 1.79 1 - 12 Age of Child 14.33 11.72 0 - 52 Hesitancy 2.98 2.15 1 - 7 Religiosity 4.13 1.94 1 - 7 • Sexual health education in US is not federally mandated, and only 22 states mandate its inclusion in school curricula. • Adolescents in nations providing comprehensive sexuality education have better sexual health than in the US, where abstinence-centered sexual education is leading standard in schools (Weaver, Smith, & Kippax, 2005). • The ‘panic of the “religious right”’ has been cited as a major political hindrance to offering sexual education in school (Northcraft, 2004). • Concerns about increased sexual activity as a result of sexual education curricula are expressed among certain religious populations (Fletcher, n.d.). This concern may be echoed outside of the religious realm and contribute to parental hesitancy in the general population. • Despite a parental majority supportive of increased sexual education in schools, considerable disagreement exists regarding an appropriate age for exposure to sexual information at home and in school (Geasler, Dannison, & Edlund, 1995; Herrman, Solano, Stotz, & McDuffie, 2013). • The relationship between levels of parental hesitancy, religiosity, moral beliefs, and/or parental concerns regarding the effects of sexual education curricula remain under-researched. Introduction Ho 1: Hesitancy Towards Sexuality Education (HTSE) with Religiosity r(80) = .49, p < .001 Ho 2: HTSE found to be correlated with Fears of Increasing Sexual Activity (FISA) — bottom left Also, found significant correlations between key variables — bottom right Results Parents over the age of 18 with a biological child of any age Majority: Caucasian (92%), heterosexual (98%), married/in long-term relationship (68%) Occupations included university faculty/staff (n = 13), students, (n = 13), and unknown (n = 56) Method Conservatism Variable Emerged Regressions by Group References Fletcher Jr, J. L. (n.d.). Sex Education and The Biblical Christian. Journal of Biblical Ethics in Medicine, 4(2), 1. Geasler, M. J., Dannison, L. L., & Edlund, C. J. (1995). Sexuality education of young children: Parental concerns. Family Relations, 44(2), 184. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213938810?accountid=13158 Herrman, J. W., Solano, P., Stotz, L., & McDuffie, M. (2013). Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A historical and comparative analysis of public opinion. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 8(3), 140-159. doi:10.1080/15546128.2013.828342 Northcraft, D. (2004). A nation scared: Children, sex, and the denial of humanity. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 12(3), 483-518. Weaver, H., Smith, G., & Kippax, S. (2005). School‐based sex education policies and indicators of sexual health among young people: A comparison of the Netherlands, France, Australia and the United States. Sex Education, 5(2), 171-188. doi:10.1080/14681810500038889 The Pennsylvania State University—Berks Campus Megan Ebling, BA, In Progress, May 2015 Factors in parental hesitancy towards sexuality education: Religiosity and fear of increasing sexual activity Hypotheses Ho 1: There is a positive relationship between parental religiosity and hesitancy to expose a child/adolescent to sexuality education curricula Ho 2: There is a positive relationship between parental fear of increasing sexual activity (FISA) and hesitancy to expose a child/adolescent to sexuality education curricula Objectives 1) To examine the relationship between parental hesitancy towards sexuality education curricula and attitudinal beliefs, such as religiosity and moral values 2) To identify salient concerns regarding potential consequences of sexual education in schools 3) To explore how age of the hypothetical child affects parental hesitancy and concerns Participants Measure Eighty-two parent participants (18 males; 64 females) recruited via two convenience sampling groups that utilized snowball sampling: 1) Staff, faculty, and students recruited in-person and via email from Penn State University 2) Online social media event allowing participants to share link/invite others to participate Hesitancy and Fear of Increasing Sexual Activity Variable 2 3 4 5 6 1. Hesitancy (HTSE) .50*** .62*** .79*** .80*** .68*** 2. FISA 5-7 .80*** .80*** .74*** .94*** 3. FISA 8-10 .91*** .76*** .94*** 4. FISA 11-13 .83*** .94*** 5. FISA 14-18 .90*** 6. FISA All * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. Liberal 32.93% Cons. 25.61% Moderate4 0.24% Sexual Conservatism 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequency Cons. Non- Cons. Presence/Absence of Conservatism Key Variables’ Intercorrelations Variable 2 3 4 1. HTSE .49** .67** .31* 2. Religiosity .43** .19 3. FISA All .64** 4. FIV All * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. • Sequential multiple regression was run with Religiosity, FISA, and FIV • With all 3 IV’s in the equation, the model significantly predicted parental HTSE, R2 = .62, F(3,78) = 42.07, p < .001 Regressions Non-conservatives: • The 3-Predictor model significantly predicted parental HTSE, R2 = .43, F(3,56) = 14.27, p < .001 Conservatives: • The 3-Predictor model significantly predicted parental HTSE, R2 = .55, F(3,17) = 6.92, p = .003 1. sr2 = .24, Finc(1,78) = 24.63, p < .001 2. sr2 = .36, Finc (1,78) = 71.76, p < .001 3. sr2 = .02, Finc (1,78) = 3.82, p = .05 1. sr2 = .02, Finc(1,17) = .39, p = .54 2. sr2 = .53, Finc (1,17) = 21.11, p < .001 3. sr2 = .001, Finc (1,17) = .03, p = .86 1. sr2 = .03, Finc(1,56) = 1.63, p = .21 2. sr2 = .36, Finc (1,56) = 33.26, p < .001 3. sr2 = .05, Finc (1,56) = 4.70, p = .03 Note. One participant declined to answer. * There was a significant multivariate effect of age on the combined DV’s of FISA and FIV, F(6, 88) = 2.57, p = .02 * Conservatism, cont. • Religiosity correlated significantly with Hesitancy and explained 24% of the variance in parental Hesitancy Towards Sexual Education in schools (HTSE) in the initial regression model, but… • Religiosity was shown not to be a predictor when Sexual Conservatism is taken into account • Fear of Increasing Sexual Activity (FISA) was shown to be the primary predictor of Hesitancy, regardless of presence or absence of Sexual Conservatism • Age of hypothetical child was relevant to parental concern levels • Levels of concern for both FISA and FIV peaked at the 11-13 year old age group • Understanding the role of these factors in parental hesitation will enable curriculum designers and policy makers to anticipate resistance and plan accordingly Discussion Hypothetical Age Group of Child *
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