Philippines after war; The Third Republic; Philippine Presidents; Assasination of Aquino; Snap Election; People Power Revolution
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Philippines after war; The Third Republic; Philippine Presidents; Assasination of Aquino; Snap Election; People Power Revolution
- 18. Chapter 23
- 20. (1.) Peace and Order (2.)Land Reforms (3.)Educational Reforms (4.)Labor Reforms (5.)Government Reorganization (6.)Economic Reforms (7.)Social Services The specific areas of the New Society envisioned by Pres. Marcos for reform:
- 22. Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Notes de l'éditeur
- The end of World War 2 left the Philippines devastated. We could all imagine a country after a war. The destruction of farms, work animals, machinery, buildings, roads, bridges, and more importantly, thousands of Filipino lives. The heavy bombing of Manila by the Americans to clear the city of Japanese hideouts destroyed infrastructures needed for economic recovery. For many months there was no production, employment and food. The total picture was discouraging & desperate. After Quezon's death, President Sergio Osmena took over. The courage and spirit of cooperation among people were again put to the test. In fact the river in the picture was pasig river
- The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit was created by the American Army in the Philippines, to help the military commanders in extending relief aid to the suffering people. PCAU also paid the salaries of the teachers and Municipal officials. They also gave money to the Philippine Government for foodstuff, medicine, & clothing. But the Philippine Government will pay back the money used in due time. The recently concluded war was an American war, but the Filipinos suffered much more than Americans. The Congress of the United States appropriated 100 million dollars to be used by the Phil Gov for its operating expenses and they also allow the Philippines to loan 60 million dollars for reconstruction purposes.
- On October 1945, American Congress passed a bill into law, known as the Bell of Trade Relations Act. To make the long story short. The United States Congress offered $800 million for post World War II rebuilding funds if the Bell Trade Act was ratified by Philippine legislature. This "parity" granting U.S. citizens and corporations equal access with Philippine citizens to Philippine minerals, forests and other natural resources, despite provisions in the Philippine constitution (1935) to the contrary which the act required to be amended. Many Filipinos objected to this unjust provision of law, but the majority of people were hungry, sick, & helpless. This Law was sadly passed on July 1946.
- Osmeña was not in a good health and wanted to retire. On april 23,1946, Manuel Roxas was elected President of the Commonwealth and, first president of the third republic.
- On July 4, 1946, a date chosen by the US President Harry S. Truman, was the proclamation of Philippine independence day. In the proclamation, President Truman said that the US was withdrawing and surrendering all rights of possession, supervion, jurisdiction, control, or sovereignity now existing and exercised by the US of America in and over the territory and people of the phil. He also said that US will be recognizing the independence of the phil as a separate and self.governing nation. Roxas stayed in the office for only two years. He died on 1948, after delivering a speech at Clark Air Base, Pampanga. In which he promised filipino cooperation with us in case of another war. He was referring to the looming korean war.
- So Roxas died with Hukbalahap problem, and were passed on to his successor, Elpidio Quirino. The Hukbo Bayan ng Laban sa Hapom was founded early 1942 was obviously an anti Japanese organization of peasants in Central Luzon. Their supremo was Luis Taruc. The Huks made Central Luzon practically independent of the Japanese. The Huks had become powerful and greedy, that the landlords of Central Luzon feared them. After the surrender of the Filipino-American troops in Bataan & Corregidor, the Huks succeeded in getting many firearms from Bataan. These weapons were used against the Japanese. After the war, they refused to surrender their arms because they feared their landlords might hire armed men to kill them. Roxas failed to win over Huks side. On March 1948, Elipidio Quirino declared the Hukbalahap and its peasant organization, the Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid as illegal. Of course the Hukbalahap were furious about it so violent encounters happened between the Huks and the Phil Gov
- But Pres. Quirino was an economist leader, achieved economic stability. Thus, The Quirino administration also paid attention to the growth of the economy through the process called industrialization. He also stabilized Phil currency by setting up the Central Bank of the Phil. He signed into law the Magna Carta of Labor & the Minimum Wage Law which aims to give the laborers a better life.
- He opened diplomatic & trade relations with various neighboring countries. However, the Huk rebellion persisted & continued to disrupt development. He tried to deal with the Huks by sending his younger brother, Antonio Quirino to meet Luis Taruc. Taruc asked for the ff. But to some misunderstandings occurred at the end. The meeting was useless.
- Ramon Magsaysay was then the Secretary on National Defense, worked hard to solve the Huk problem. Magsaysay, organized & simultaneous raids by Armed Forces to arrest Huk leaders & supporters. With the help of American money, Magsaysay won the Presidency in 1953, receiving a great majority of votes. He became popular with the common people, He shook hands with them, kissed old men, women & children of the poor, walk in wooden clogs, & dine with them. In 1954, he caused the surrender of Luis Taruc, "unreservedly recognized the authority of Pres Magsaysay & the sovereignty of the Repulic of the Phil." The Huk movement was finally broken down. Magsaysay also approved Agricultural Tenancy Act.
- Magsaysay met airplane accident and died. Carlos P. Garcia took over by election. Garcia proclaimed Filipino First Policy, which means the Filipinos would be given the chance to improve the economy instead of the foreigners. Garcia did not solve the problem.
- Diosdado Macapagal, won the election of 1961. Macapagal's presidency was known for 2 things: land reform code & change of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. Because July 4 was a date chosen by Harry Truman, an American, Macapagal wants to move the date on Aguinaldo's proclamation of Independence Day.
- Ferdinand Marcos wanted to run for Presidency in 1961. Marcos was then under the Liberal Party. But some agreements were not met, so he ran under the Nacionalista Party. Marcos easily won the election in 1965. His program of govt included (1) production of more rice & the diversification of crops to attain self- sufficiency in food. (2) implementation of land reform program. (3) community development to strengthen further our social, economic, & political base.
- talks about waves of massive student protests that occurred in Metro Manila & nearby provinces. Why? because before the declaration of martial law, the Prices of commodities, including tuition fees, rose way beyond the ordinary people's means. Marcos was also said to be a protector os U.S. and its local allies. Because of this, activists, most of them were UP students and other govt universities student. Back then UP students was mostly class C, but nowadays a mixture of Class A, B, & C students. So back then they protest in the Congress during Marcos who was assembling for his plan to extend his term. On his way out of Congress something was thrown at him. and the people who were protesting that time, received a very harsh, brutal response. After that everytime people would rally in Mendiola, it symbolizes the serious reforms of people's demands
- Declaration of Martial Law. Proclamation 1081 dated September 21, 1972. There is something more than this.
- Somewhere in Isabela, a shipwreck lays on the seabed. This ship was known to be as MV karagatan, and it came from China, with more than 1k weapons for the NPA. But the boat was caught and an encountered left the boat where it is now. This is one of the reason that marcos cited to justify the declaration of martial law. Before Martial Law was declared in September of 1972. The Plaza Miranda bombing took place on August 1971.The proclamation rally of the liberal party, opponents of the Marcos gov't, was cut short by explosions, leaving 8 dead & hundreds wounded. Many immediately pointed fingers at Marcos, while he pointed his at the communists, the New People's Army. The rising violence & the fear of a looming communist take over were the catalysts of Martial Law. Activism saw its heyday in the 1970's. Victor corpus was a graduate of PMA but he lead the npa group who was going to get the weapons from MV Karagatan, such as rocket launchers and communication equipment from china. The arrival of the mv karagatan in 1972 was supposed to be a secret operation. The area was supposed to be inhabited. But there were some indigents living in the area. But unfortunately, one plane of a logging company in the area spotted the ship. They told the information that the ship were transferring weapons. There were respondents of Philippine military who will took over the ship but the npa shot the group, many in the soldiers respondents died. Many of the soldier force was deployed and in the end npa got only a few of guns and the others was confiscated by the soldiers. One of the operations the militar was successful over the npa. This caused marcos more cruel, and more filipinos who want to be npa. Victor corpus surrended in 1976 but cory aquinos term, she freed him.
- Back to the Declaration of Martial Law, a fake ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile served as the formal declaration of Martial law. First on the list to be arrested was Sen. Benigno Aquino Jr., outspoken journalists, & writers, oppositionists, politicians, labor union leaders, student activists, & radical delegate, who were against Marcos;'s plans.Martial law is the imposition of the highest-ranking military officer as the military governor or as the head of the government, thus removing all power from the previous executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Suprisingly, the nation received the proclamation in silence & calmness. Marcos did not waste time, He cleaned up the gov't of its corrupt and inefficient personnel; cut down criminality; & set up a systematic plan to develop the economy But too many activists were detained, tortured and killed. Also just recently after bong bong marcos announced his plan to run as vp. martial law made a noise in the twitter world, number one issue was about a up activist lean alejandro who was beaten up to death I think he was a victim of wrong identity. So people nowadays, are still open to the topic on martial law,
- Since we are talking about Marcos, I think His achievements as a president can fill a book, and so are his crimes. Also, based on my research He bought the Kalayaan Island in Spratlys for 1 peso. He wanted Ninoy to be his successor. Aquino & Marcos were friends the general consensus now is that President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the assassination of Sen. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. But that claim is truly unfounded, and people should believe Marcos is innocent until a strong evidence prove otherwise. In the first place, both Marcos and Ninoy were loyal members of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity. Yes, Marcos hated Ninoy as his political nemesis but he also admired the latter for his undying principles.
- Chapter 23 talks about Marcos Reforms. Marcos believed that education was a very important role towards the goal of the “New Society”.
- Some of Marcos achivements our the famous san juanico bridge, marcos highway. Restoration of intramuros and luneta park, hospitals, and other govt building.
- The reason that Benigno Aquino was imprisoned was because he was a critic of the marcos. He was even sentenced to death but marcos decide to just imprisoned him. On his seventh year in prison, He suffered a heart attack and, to his surprise, Marcos allowed him to go to the United States for bypass surgery. In 1973, Ninoy's original intention in coming home was to talk earnestly to Marcos and convince him to restore democracy through peaceful means. Their were rumors back then that he will be assassinated if he continues his journey back to the phil., it did not stop him from wanting to return knowing that , "I will never be able to forgive myself if I did not at least try.“ He secretly went back to Phil. By the name of Marcial Bonifacio. In the video another guy was also shot dead. It was known to be Rolando Galman. Also based on research, A government re-enactment that aired on television days after the shooting alleged that Galman hid under the service staircase while Aquino and the boarding party descended it, and as Aquino neared the van, Galman emerged from under the staircase and shot Aquino in the back of the head. Several members of the security detail in turn fired several shots at Galman, killing him. Years later, the official investigation into the assassination concluded that Galman was a fall guy in a larger plot to kill Aquino.
- In the following months, rallies and mass action were held, people were challenging Marcos to step down. 1986 SNAP ELECTIONS to make the long story short. Marcos challenged Cory to a snap election. To ensure clean and fair counting of votes, concerned businessmen and other caused- groups organized Namfrel.
- Feb. 22, 1986 triggered the downfall of the Marcos Gov’t. That day, they were held up inside the Camp Aguinaldo ready to fight to the end. Prayers, flowers, bread, drinks offered by the people stopped the attacking Marcos soldiers. EDSA was occupied by people. The climax of event came when Marcos’s helicopter pilots refused to drop bombs on the teeming crowds, and instead, landed the helicopter to join the People Power Revolution at EDSA.
- “People Power Revolution” is also tagged as the “EDSA Revolution,” “Yellow Revolution,” “Bloodless Revolution” and “1986 Philippine Revolution.” Despite the presence of tank-riding soldiers and big guns, not a single shot was fired. Thus, People Power Revolution was the first nonviolent, bloodless revolution that ever took place