The document provides a history of psychopathology in India and Pakistan from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early beliefs that viewed abnormal behavior as acts of evil or possession, the development of asylums to house the mentally ill, and the influence of Western psychiatry. It also describes the traditional Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha medical systems and how they conceptualized and treated mental illness. The establishment of academic departments and organizations further professionalized the fields of psychology and psychiatry in both countries.

1. HISTORY OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
IN INDOPAK
Name:mehreen
Class:b.s 5th semester

4. Mental illness :
Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health
conditions — disorders that affect your mood,
thinking and behavior.

5. GLOBAL MENTAL
HEALTH ISSUES
More than two fifths of the total
disabilities are due to mental illnesses
(WORLD HEALTH REPORT, 2001)

6. HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN
INDOPAK
Till about 17th century all abnormal
behavior was believed to be act of the ‘devil’
i. e. ‘Against God’, evil & described as
witches.
Gradually over the passing time, mental
illness was considered as ‘deviant behavior &
mentally ill were considered socially
unacceptable & put in jails along with other
criminals.
In the modern era, there was a shift from
‘evil’ to ‘ill. Mentally ill were called as ‘mad’
or ‘insane’ and were placed in special places
called as ‘asylums’.

7. gradually these asylums
became the place for human
exploitation.
Phillipe Pinel was the first
Psychiatrist to free these
mentally ill from asylum.

8. In the 20th century, the work of
Freud and ‘B. F. Skinner & J. B.
Watson’ gave a scientific combination
of biological & social theories to explain
the etiology of mental illness.

9. Ayurveda System
Unani System
Siddha System

10. Ayurveda
Ayurveda
(Sanskrit Āyurveda आयुर्वेद, "life-knowledge“)
Ayurvedic medicine is a system
of Hindu traditional medicine of Vedic
tradition native to the Indian subcontinent,
and a form of alternative medicine. Some of the
oldest known Ayurvedic texts include
the Suśrutha Saṃhitā, Charaka Saṃhitā.
These Sanskrit texts are among the
foundational and formally compiled works of
Ayurveda.

11. Treatment and health protection
•deal with surgery
• building a healthy metabolic system, attaining
good digestion and proper excretion lead to
vitality. Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, yoga,
and meditation.
•To maintain health, a Sattvic diet can be prescribed
to the patient.
•Concepts of Dinacharya are followed in Ayurveda;
dinacharya stresses the importance of natural cycles
(waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc.) for a
healthy living.
•Hygiene, too, is a central practice of Ayurvedic
medicine. Hygienic living involves regular bathing,
cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye washing.

12. Eight components of Ayurveda
In classical Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda
was called "the science of eight
components
1.Kayachikitsa (General medicine):
"cure of diseases affecting the body".
2.Kaumāra-bhṛtya and Bala Roga :
"treatment of children".
3.Shalya tantra: surgical techniques.
4.Śālākya-tantra (Ophthalmology): cure
of diseases of the teeth, eye, nose or
ear etc.

13. 5.Bhuta-vidyadeals with the causes,
which are directly not visible and not
explained directly from
tridosha.:pertaining to micro-organisms
or spirits.
6.Agada-tantra : Gada means Poison.
"doctrine of antidotes"
7.Rasayana-tantra (Geriatrics)/(Anti
Agings) : Doctrine
of Rasayana/Rejuvenation.
8.Vajikarana tantra (Aphrodisiacs): deals
with healthy and desired progeny.

14. Unani System
Unani-tibb or Unani Medicine also
spelled Yunani
Medicine in (Arabic, Hindustani, Pashto
and Persian) is a form of traditional
medicine practiced in middle-east &
south-Asian countries. It refers to a
tradition of Graeco-Arabic medicine,
which is based on the teachings of Greek
physicians Hippocrates and Galen, and
developed into an elaborate medical
system in middle age era by Arabian and
Persian physicians, such
as Rhazes (alRazi) , Avicenna (Ibn
Sena), Al-Zahrawi, and Ibn Nafis.

15. Unani medicine is based on the concept of
the four humours:
Phlegm (Balgham),
Blood (Dam),
Yellow bile (Ṣafrā')
Black bile (Saudā').
The time of origin is at circa 1025 AD,
when Avicenna wrote The Canon of
Medicine in Persia.

16. While he was primarily influenced
by Greek and Islamic medicine, he
was also influenced by the Indian
medical teachings Of
Sushruta and Charaka.

17. Unani medicine:
first arrived in India around 12th or
13th century with establishment of Delhi
Sultanate (1206–1527) and Islamic rule
over North India and subsequently
flourished under Mughal Empire.
• Alauddin Khilji had several eminent
Unani physicians (Hakims) in his royal
courts.In the coming years this royal
patronage meant development of Unani
practice in India, but also of Unani
literature with the aid of Indian
Ayurvedic physicians.

18. TREATMENT
•laj-Bil-Tadbeer wa Ilaj-Bil-Ghiza
(Regimenal Therapy).
•Ilaj-Bil-Advia (Pharmacotherapy).
•Ilaj-Bil-Yad (Surgery)
•Jarahat (Surgery)

19. Siddha System
Siddha Medicine is usually considered
as the oldest medical system known to
mankind.
Contemporary Tamil literature holds that
the system of Siddha medicine originated
in Southern India, in the state of Tamil
Nadu, as part of the trio Indian
medicines
-ayurveda, siddha and unani. Siddha is
reported to have surfaced more than
10,000 years ago.

20. In reigns of King Ashoka, many
hospitals were established for
mentally ill.
A temple of Lord Venkateswara at
Tirumukkudal, Chingleput District,
Tamil Nadu, contains inscription
on the walls belonging to Chola
period.

21. •The hospital was named as Sri
Veera Cholaeswara hospital and
contained 15 beds.

22. •Maulana zulur-Lah Hakim,
an Indian physician was in
charge of the first Indian
mental asylum, i. e. Mandu
hospital opened by
Mahmood Khilji (1436-
1469) at Dhar, M. P. First
lunatic Asylum

23. •Bombay Asylum, was built in
modern India in approximately
1750 A. D. at the cost of 125/-,
no traces of it is present today.

24. 1794,
a private lunatic asylum was opened at
Kilpauk, Madras.
The central mental hospital, Yerwada,
Pune was opened in 1889.
First asylum for insane soldiers was
started at Monghyr, Bihar and was
known as Monghyr Asylum(1795).

25. Maxell Jones in 1953
introduced the concept of
Therapeutic community
resulting in the improvement
in the Mental Hospital
conditions.

26. Calcutta University :established the first
Department of Psychology in 1915 under
the leadership of Dr N.N. Sengupta who
had worked under Professor Hugo
Munsterberg, a former student of Wundt.
• first centre of psychological research and
teaching in India

27. Before independence British
universities greatly influenced the
directions that psychological
research took in the country .
•psychology, transplanted to
India as part of the total
imperialist domination by the
West, came as a ready-made
intellectual package in the first
decade of the century

28. it almost replaced the
•intellectual traditions
•indigenous systems
•religious
• metaphysical systems.

29. After partition
Indian psychology

30. Indian culture has always given a great
importance to spiritual life.
One of the earliest Indian Psychiatrists to
explain the importance of health was
Govindaswamy in 1948.

31. Govindaswamy gave 3 objectives of
mental health –
1. regaining of the health of mentally
ill person;
2.prevention of mental illness in a
vulnerable individual

32. 3.protection & development at all
levels, of human society, of secure,
affectionate & satisfying human
relationships & in the reduction of
hostile tensions in persons & groups
(Govindaswamy, 1970).

33. •All India Institute Mental Health was set
up in 1954, which became the National
Institute of Mental Health And
Neurosciences in 1974 at Bangalore.
•An expert committee of WHO in 1974,
urge its members to consider mental
disorder as a high priority problem.

34. The recommendations included :
1. to undertake pilot projects to assess
existing mental health care program in
a defined populations
2.training program for health workers
3.to devise a manual for the same
(Isac 1986).

35. •first community Mental Health unit (CMHU)
was started with the Dept. of Psychiatry at
NIMHANS in 1975.
•For short term training of primary care
personal, a Rural Mental Health Center was
inaugurated in Dec’1976 at Sakalwara, 15 km
from Bangalore.

36. •The first training program for
Primary Health Care was started in
1978-79.
•During 1978-1984 Indian Council of
Medical Research funded & conducted
a multicentre collaborative project on
‘severe Mental Morbidity’ in
Bangalore, Baroda, Calcutta & Patiala

37. Various training programs for
psychiatrists, Clinical
Psychologists, Psychiatric
Social Workers, Psychiatric
nurses and Primary Care
doctors were conducted at
Sakalwara unit between
1981-82 (Ministry of health &
family welfare, 1989).

38. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
•On 12 December1968 an autonomous organization
named the Indian Council of Social Science
•Research (ICSSR) was established – its now
considered one of the biggest achievements of Indian
democracy .
•The Council provides valuable help and
encouragement to scholars from all over the country
through fellowships and project and conference
grants.

39. •Today good-quality research is
conducted in areas such as clinical
psychology, educational psychology,
organizational psychology, social
psychology, forensic psychology,
Indian (traditional) psychology,
cross-cultural and comparative
psychology ,defence psychology
(includes psychological research on
terrorism) and counseling
psychology.

40. •There are approximately 15,000
psychologists in the country(study of
2005)
•Until the mid-1980s the public viewed
psychology primarily as a remedy for
abnormal behavior.
•However, the popularity of psychology
has been increasing since then, with its
application in areas such as education,
work and counseling.

41. Where is psychology taught and research?
•Training for psychologists takes place in universities.
•Most universities offer general degrees such as MAs in
psychology or applied psychology, and students do
specialized training in their chosen areas, mainly clinical,
organizational, counseling and social in the second year.
•Those who wish to become clinical psychologists do a
PhD in clinical psychology, lasting five years. Some
universities such as the National Institute of Mental
Health and Neurosciences conduct specialized two-year
courses in clinical psychology, which postgraduate
students pursue

42. University of Allahabad: is the prime
department of psychology ,research and
publications.
University of Mumbai: (formerly Bombay)
instituted department of Applied
Psychology to train research.
Psychological Research Wing (PRW): In the
post-independence period the government,
particularly the Defense Ministry, began
emphasizing the need for the inclusion of
psychologists on research and selection
boards was established in 1949 .

43. The future of psychology in India
•has been expanding rapidly.
•number of psychologists and institutions
offering courses in psychology, research
publications and journals is increasing.

44. •With new policies of the
government together with the
awareness of Indian
psychologists of the societal
demands and their roles, it is
hoped that a conducive
environment for faster growth
of an appropriate and proper
psychology in India will
develop.

47. Roots of psychology in
Pakistan :
•According to Ansari (1987), the
earliest teachers of psychology
were philosophers ,so Pakistani
psychology was influenced
much more by philosophy than
by the academic areas such as
biology and sociology that have
penetrated Western psychology.

48. •Originally philosopher, Dr Mohammad
Ajmal (1920–1994) has left a
profound influence on the field of
psychology in Pakistan, giving it a
philosophical and analyticalorientation.
•Gradually there was a shift towards a
more behaviorist and quantitative
orientation, and computer use, in part
due to the training of some Pakistani
psychologists in British and American
universities.

49. ORGANISATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS:
The Pakistan Psychological Association
(PPA) is the oldest academic and
professional organization of Pakistani
psychologists, established in March 1968
at Dacca.
•It has a membership of about 300
psychologists working in various fields of
life, including college and university
teaching, clinical practice, the Public
Service Commission and the armed
services.

50. •The Journal of Psychology was the
first such publication, started in 1964
by Dr Mohammad Ajmal. It was
replaced after two years by the
Psychology Quarterly.
•GCU Lahore now publishes the
Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology, and other refereed
journals are published by Karachi
University, the National Institute of
Psychology and Punjab University

51. Government College University Lahore
(arguably the best undergraduate and
postgraduate institution in the country)
•the Department of Psychology is the
oldest in Pakistan offering master’s level
studies.
•The department was established in 1932,well
before the partition of the subcontinent, under
the headship of G.C.Chutterji, at which time it
offered master’s classes in collaboration with
Foreman Christian College Lahore. The first
master's student (in fact, the only student In
the class of 1932) was Professor Abul HaiAlvi,
who died in 2001 at the age of 92.

52. •In 1976 the Federal Education Ministry
decided to establish a National Institute of
Psychology (NIP) as an autonomous
organization with a mandate to carry out
research and teaching in the discipline of
psychology.
•Dr Iftikhar-u-Nisa was appointed as its first
director.
•In 1994 the institute was renamed the Dr
Mohammad Ajmal Institute of Psychology
after its founder.
•The NIP was initially a research centre, but
now offers quality postgraduate teaching.

53. Research in psychology:
•In 1987 Ansari reported the staggering
fact that there were fewer than 40
psychologists with a PhD in Pakistan.
•That number has not risen much since,
although current PhD registrations should
soon increase it by 50per cent.
•Poor library resources are a major
hindrance in the production of high-quality
and large-scale psychological
research in Pakistan.

54. •The majority of postgraduate
departments do not publish any
psychological journals, but international
journals are taken by Government
College University Lahore, and Punjab,
Karachi, and Quaid-i-Azam Universities.
•The library of GCU Lahore is
computerized, available online and
provides access to PsycINFO.

55. •Research limitations mean that many
basic data are not available for
Pakistan, such as the prevalence rates
of psychiatric disorders.
It is a matter of concern that Pakistan
was never included in the World Health
Organization surveys conducted in
different regions of the world
regarding the epidemiology of
psychiatric disorders and
estimates of mental health resources.

56. •India is usually included as the
regional representative country,
but although India and Pakistan
share some cultural values and
traditions, they also differ in many
important respects, such as
religious convictions and style of
life (Indians are more influenced
by the Western media).

57. Religious influences
Clinical psychology has been
informally practiced in this part of the
world over an extended period of
time: religious leaders, Sufis, saints
and wise old men and women have
always been able to provide
counseling and at times opportunities
for catharsis and outlet.

58. Modern practitioners of clinical
psychology in Pakistan usually adopt
•an eclectic approach to treatment,
•but behavior therapy and cognitive
behavior therapy are the most popular
paradigms, and the use of Western
models reflects the training of Pakistani
psychologists in US and European
universities.

59. However, indigenous
constructs(including many derived
from religious teaching) play an
important role in psychotherapy.
shaped largely by
an indigenous culture that is
collectivist, family-oriented and
male-led, and 97 percent Islamic
(Murray, 2002).

60. Dr Ajmal and many other Pakistani
therapists interpret mental illness as
distance from God.
The norm of mental health, therefore,
is psychological closeness to God.

61. •The Holy Quran (the
religious book of Muslims)
discusses mental illness in
terms of dissociation,
doubt, envy and deceiving
others.
•Therefore, the man who
becomes aware of this
disease has to withdraw
himself from his secular
relations and to turn his
gaze inwards (Ajmal,
1968)

63. MENTAL HEALTH SCENARIO
IN PAKISTAN
Total Population
169,954,000
(July 2010 est.)
Psychiatrists 400
Clinical Psychologists 200
Psychiatric Social Workers 30

64. Pakistan has an estimated population of 14
million Mentally ill patients, the
majority of which are women
6000-8000 people commit
suicide every year in Pakistan and
the trend in increasing (Doesn’t include
Suicide Bombers)

65. Mental Hospital in Lahore (Punjab
Institute of Mental Health).
Mental Hospital in Hyderabad
(Sir Cows Jee Mental Hospital)

66. MENTAL HEALTH FACILITIES AT
THE TIME after INDEPENDENCE
(1947)
Mental Hospital Peshawar 1950
Mental Hospital Dodial 1963

67. •Pakistan has only one psychiatrist
for every 10,000 people.
•one child psychiatrist for four
million children who are estimated
to be suffering from mental-health
issues.
• only four major psychiatric
hospitals in a country of 165 million
and only 20 such units attached to
teaching hospitals

68. Once a psychiatric patient forever a
psychiatric patient
Possession (any bizarre behaviour)
 Conversion Reaction
 Schizophrenia
 Puerperal Psychosis
No improvement

69.  Primary psychiatric care
▪ GPs
▪ Clergymen & Faith Healers
▪ Hakeems
▪ Homeopaths
▪ Shrine/Mosque / Church / Temple
 Secondary psychiatric care
 Tertiary Psychiatric Facilities
(Teaching Hospitals)

70. DILEMMA OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE
IN PAKISTAN
 Stigma
 Shortage of mental health professionals
 Insufficient psychiatric beds
 Brain drain
 Inadequate psychiatric services in
periphery

71.  Mental Health Act (2001)
 Activities of mental health NGOs
 Recognition of mental health in general
health care ?
 International collaborations
- Training
- Research

72. THE END