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_July 6, 1988
UNSUB; AKAJACK THERIPPER7
~SERIES OF HOMICIDES
LONDON, ENGLAND
1888
NCAVCHOMICIDECRIMINAL INVESTIGATIVEANALYSIS!
The followingcriminal investigativeanalysis was
prepared bySupervisory SpecialAgent SSA!John E.Douglas, FBINational Centerfor theAnalysis ofViolent CrimeNCAVC!,
Program Managerof CriminalInvestigative Analysis.At the
request ofCosgrove-Meurer Productions,SSADouglaswas requestedto preparean analysisofa100-yearold,unsolved serialmurder
casethat occurred inEngland. Thishistorical casewas knownas-' "Jackthe Ripper." C
SSADouglas was providedbasic backgroundinformation
relative toeach case;however,itis noted thatforensic
technology andother investigativetechniques, aswe knowoftoday, werenonexistentacenturyago. Medicalexaminers
reports wereincomplete, crimescenephotography was used
sparingly, andpolice investigativereports donot reflectthetype ofthoroughness evidencedtoday. _
Whenacaseis submitted forinvestigative analysis,
the reliabilityand validityof theoverall analysisis hingedonthe thoroughnessdisplayedbythe medical examiners,technicians,
investigators, etc.Although materialsprovided werenot ascompleteascasessubmitted todaybymuchmore sophisticatedlaw
enforcement agencies,SSADouglasfilled inthe missingpieces ofinformationbymakingcertain probableassumptions.
This analysiswill addressthe followingareas:
_ Victimologyor profileof victims;medical examiner'sfindings;crime andcrimesceneanalysis; offender traitsand
characteristics; pre-and post-offensebehavioral patterns;
investigative and/orproactive techniques;and interview]interrogation suggestions.
Ratherthanaddress each homicideseparately,
SSA Douglascomments willrelate tothe entireseries ofhomicides as awhole.
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VICTIMOLOGY
In each homicide, the victim was aprostitute with a
reputation ofdrinking quite heavily. These two ingredients
place the victim in a"high risk" category. By "high risk," we
define this as someonewho is very likely to be thevictim of
violent crime. From aninvestigative perspective, this makesit
extremely difficult inreference to developing logical suspects.
From aforensic viewpoint, if any evidence is obtained such as
hairs andfibers, semen, etc., law enforcement would not know for
certainif this evidence did in fact comefromthe subject.
One hundred years ago, prostitution was not as
organized asit istoday, where wehave pimpscontrolling,
monitoring, and protecting theirstables. During the "Jack the
Ripper"era,women worked independently.A femaleprostitute who
drank heavily was looking for trouble. Wewouldsuspect that
there werenumerous instancesof these womenbeingphysically
assaulted, raped, and ripped off.
F
Prostitutes 100 yearsago did not dress differently
thanotherwomen at that time.In mostcases, they performed
their "services" in dark alleys or in"flop" houses. The
prostitutes targetedby Jackthe Ripperwerenearlytwice the age
ofprostitutes soliciting today. Theywere not particularly
attractive and other thantheir age,there wereno striking
similarities between them.It is notedthat the lastvictim was
25.!
The "Jack the Ripper" victims were targeted because
they werereadily accessible. Jack the Ripper didnot haveto
initiate the contact. This wasdonefor him bythe prostitute.
This is an important feature in acase such asthis and will be
addressed later onin this analysis under"Offender Traits and
Characteristics."
MEDICAL EXAMINATION i
As statedearlier, the medicalexaminations conducted
at that time werenot verythorough whencomparedtoautopsy
examinations conducted todayby experienced forensic
.pathologists. However, evenin someparts ofthe United states
today, autopsy examinations aresomething lessthan desired.
The primary areas notedin this analysis were as
follows:
l. No evidence ofsexual assault. '
2. Subject killed victims swiftly.
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3. Subject was able to maintain control of
.victims during the initial "blitz style"
of attack.
-4. Subject removedbody organsi.e., kidney,
vagina, nose!on someof the victims, indicating
some anatomical knowledge.
5. No evidence of physical torture prior to death.
6. Postmortem mutilation.. - .
7. Possible manual strangulation.
8." Blood from victims was concentrated insmall
areas. _
»9. Rings weretaken fromone ofthe victims. p
10. The last victim was killed indoors and was the
most mutilated. Subject spent a considerable
amount of time at the scene.
ll. Time of deathwas inthe early morning hours.
The abovelistedautopsy findingswillcontribute to
the overalloffender analysisthat willbe addressed lateron inthis report.
CRIME ANDCRIME SCENEANALYSIS
with the exception ofthe lastcase, all victims were
killed outdoors. All victims were killedswiftly, withthe
victims consequentlyreceiving postmortemmutilation. All
homicides occurredwithin onefourthof a mile fromeach other
and occurredeither onFriday, Saturday,or Sundayduring early
morning hours.After thefirst homicideat WhitechapelStation,
the subjectmoved slightlyacross townonefourth ofa mile!.
If a line isdrawn from crimescenes 2,3, 4,and 5,atriangular
configurationisformed. Thisisobservedinother types of
serial crimes. This triangularconfigurationisviewed as a
- secondarycomfort zonefor the Ripper. Thismovement iscaused
when asubject believesthat theinvestigationisheating up in
his primarycomfort zone.The primarycomfort zonewould bethe
location ofthe firsthomicide in thevicinity of Whitechapel
station. It isthe opinion ofthis crimeanalyst thatthere were
other attacksin theWhitechapelareathat either wentunreported
or for some reasonwere notconsidered byauthorities to be
crimes of Jack the Ripper.
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Some criminologists and behavioral scientists have
written in the past that subjects will maintain their modus
operandi and that is what links socalled "signature crimes."
This conclusion is incorrect. A subject will change his modus
operandi as he gains additional experience. This is learned
behavior. However,the personaldesires andneeds ofthe subject
areexpressed in the ritual aspect of acrime. The ritual is
something thathe mustalways dobecause it isthe acting out of
the fantasy. With Jack the Ripper, the target selection, the
approach, the method of his initial attack, are his modus
operandi. What takes place after this is the ritual. The ritual
may becomemore elaborate as*was in the last homicide case.
Here, the Ripper had time to act out his fantasies. As
investigators, weshould notnecessarily expectthe sametype of
homicides in the future, particularly if subsequent victimsare
killed outdoors. Once again,he wouldnot havethe timeto carry
out all of his fantasies and consequently mutilation will not be
as advanced.
COMMUNIQUES ALLEGEDLYRECEIVED FROMTHE RIPPER
Another aspect of this case worth mentioning was the
comuniques allegedlyreceived fromJack theRipper. It is quite
rarewhen aserial murderer of this type communicates with
police, media,family, etc. When theydo communicate,they
generally providespecifics relative to the crime that only are
known bythe subject. ,In addition, they generallyprovide
information relative to their motivation for committing sucha
heinous crime. It is myopinion thatthis series of homicides
was notperpetrated by someone whoset up achallenge against law
enforcement. Whilethe killer knew hewould bereceiving
national as well as international publicity, this was not his '
primary motivation.
In summary,Iwould not put emphasis onthecommuniques
during this investigation. However,Iwould develop an
investigative techniquewith the goal in mind toidentify the
author of the communiques. ,
OFFENDER 'IRAITSAND CHARACTERISTICS
These homicidesare referredto as Lust Murders.Roy
Hazelwood andIwrote anarticle several yearsago whichappeared
in the FBI's LawEnforcement Bulletin.The word"lust" does nor
mean loveor have any sexualmeaning, otherthan the fact that
the subject attacks the genital areas of his victims. The
vaginalareaand breasts arethe focalpoint of attack in a woman
and the penis and scrotum are the attack area of the male
offender. Generally, males whoare attacked in this fashion are
victims that were involvedin ahomosexualrelationship.
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I have never experienced a female serial lust murderer
either in research or in cases received at the NCAVC.It is for
this reason that Jack the Ripper was amale. He was of white
race in view of the fact that white was the predominant raceat
the crime scene locations, and generally crimes suchas these are
intraracial. . .
is
high
The age of onset for these types of homicides
generally betweenthe mid to late 20's. Basedupon the
degree ofpsychopathology exhibitedat the scene, theability of
the subject to converse with the victim until a suitable location
is found, and theability toavoid detection, placeshim between
the age bracket of 38 to 36 yearsof age. However,itshould be
noted that age is a difficult characteristic to categorize and
consequently wewould noteliminate aviable suspectexclusively
because of age. *
- This offender doesnot look out of the ordinary.
However, the clothing he wears at the time of the assaults is not
his everydaydress. He wants toproject to unsuspecting females
prostitutes! thathe has money;consequently this relieves him
from initiating contact.
He comesfrom a family where he was raised by a
domineering motherand weak,passive and/or absent father. In
all likelihood, his motherdrank heavily andenjoyed thecompany
of many men. As a result, he failed to receive consistent care
and contactwith stable adult role models. Consequently,he
became detachedsocially and developed adiminished emotional
response towardshis fellow man. Hebecame asocial,preferring
to be alone. His anger becameinternalized andin his younger
years, heexpressed hispent-up destructiveemotions bysetting
fires andtorturing smallanimals. Byperpetrating theseacts,
he discoveredincreased areasof dominance,power andcontrol,
and learned how to continue violent destructive acts without
detection or punishment.
As he grew older, his fantasy developed astrong
component that included domination, cruelty, and mutilation of
women. We would expect to find evidence of this violent
destructive fantasylife through personal writingsof his as well
as drawings of womenbeing mutilated.
For employment,he wouldseek aposition wherehe could
work aloneand vicariously experience his destructive fantasies.
such employmentwould include work as a butcher, mortician's
helper, medical examiner's assistant,or hospital attendant. He
is employedMonday throughFriday andon Fridaynight, Saturday,
and Sundayis off from work. He hascarried a knife for defense
purposes--justincase he wasever attacked,he wouldbe ready.
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This paranoid-typeof thinkingis in partjustified because of
the poorself-image hehas ofhimself. Hewould beexpected to
have sometype ofphysical abnormality.However, althoughnot
severe, heperceives thisas beingpsychologically crippling.We
would lookfor someonebelow orabove averagein heightand/or
weight. Mayhave problemswith speech,scarred complexion,physical illness, or injury.
We wouldnot expectthis type of offender to be
married. Ifhe wasmarried inthe past,it wouldhave beento
someone olderthan himselfand themarriage wouldhave beenfor ashort duration. ~
He isnot adeptin meetingpeople sociallyand the
major extentof his heterosexual relationshipswould bewith
prostitutes. Dueto lackof hygienepractices byprostitutes atthat timeand theabsence oftreatment forvenereal disease,he
may havebeen infected.If infected, this wouldfurther fuelhis
hatred anddisgust forwomen. _
" "'He wouldbe perceivedas beingquiet, aloner, shy,
slightly withdrawn,obedient, andneat andorderly inappearance
and whenworking. Hedrinks inthe localpubs andafter afew
spirits, hebecomes morerelaxed andfinds iteasier toengage in
conversation. Helivesor works inthe Whitechapelarea. The
first homicideshould bein closeproximity toeither hishome or
workplace. Itisnoted that LondonHospitalisonly one block
from thefirsthomicide and asstated earlierin thisanalysis,
we wouldexpect otherviolent crimesin this vicinity.
Investigators wouldhave interviewedhim duringthe
course ofthe investigationand hewas probablytalked toby
police onseveral occasions.Unfortunately atthis time,therewas noway tocorrelate thistype ofinformation; therefore,
was overlooked.Investigators andcitizens inthe community
a preconceivedidea orpicture ofwhat Jackthe Ripperwould
he
had
look
like. Becauseof thebelief thathe wouldappear oddor ghoulish
in appearance,he wasoverlooked and/oreliminated asapotentialsuspect.
PRE ANDPOSTOFFENSE BEHAVIOR
Prior toeach homicide,the subjectwas inalocal
drinking spirits,whileatthe same timelowering his
inhibitions. Hewould beobserved walkingall overthe
Whitechapelareaduring the earlyevening hours.He didnot
specifically seekacertain lookina woman; however,it was
no accidentthat hekilled prostitutes.He hadthe senseto
when andwhere toattack hisvictims. Therewould havebeen
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other womenwho confronted Jack the Ripper and were not assaulted
because the location was not secure enough.
' Post~offense behavior would-
area wherehe could wash his hands of
clothing. We would not expect him to
police investigation or provide bogus
include returning to an
blood and remove his
inject himself into the
information. '
Jack the Ripper hunted nightly for his victims. when
he could not find another, he returned to the locations where he
killed his previous victims. If the victims wereburied locally,
he wouldvisit the gravesites ofhis victimsduring theearly
morning hoursfor the purpose of reliving his lust murders.
Jack the Ripper would not have committed suicide after
the last homicide. Generally,when crimessuch asthese cease,
it is because hecame closeto being identified, was interviewed
by police, or was arrested for some othertype of offense. As
stated previously in this report, we would besurprised if Jack
the Ripperwould suddenlystop. However,we've seenthis happen
before andgenerally it has beenbecause of the abovestated
reasons. V'
INVESTIGATIVE ANDZORPROSECUTIVE TECHNIQUES
Jack the Ripper would be best suited to be interviewed
during the early morninghours. He would feelmore relaxedand
secure to confess to the homicides. He would feel more relaxed
to expresshimself bywriting abouthis motivationfor killing
the women.He wouldnot bevisibly shakenor upsetif directly
accused ofthe homicides.However, hewould bepsychologically
andphysiologically stressed if confronted with the fact that he
became personallysoiled bythe victimsblood. Jackthe Ripperbelieved the homicides were justified and he was only removing
perishable items--whowere like garbage.
This analysis was preparedfor the exclusive use of
CosgroveMeurer Productions,Inc. Any reproduction or use of
thisanalysis for publication must havethe written consent of
SSA John E. Douglas.
_7_
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